U.S. v. Parizo

• Decision Date: 31 March 1975
• Docket Number: D,No. 356,356
• Parties: UNITED STATES of America, Appellee, v. Chester A. PARIZO, Appellant. ocket 73-2232.
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — Second Circuit

Page 52

514 F.2d 52

UNITED STATES of America, Appellee, v. Chester A. PARIZO, Appellant.

No. 356, Docket 73-2232.

United States Court of Appeals Second Circuit.

Argued Oct. 30, 1974.

Decided March 31, 1975.

George W. F. Cook, U. S. Atty., for appellee.

William H. Quinn, Burlington, Vt., for appellant.

Before LUMBARD, WATERMAN and MANSFIELD, Circuit Judges.

WATERMAN, Circuit Judge:

Involved in this second appeal to us is the single issue of whether, upon the facts found by the trial judge, a firearm seized during a warrantless search of a motel room was properly admissible in evidence against appellant.

After a non-jury trial, on March 30, 1973, the trial judge found the appellant guilty of possession of an unregistered sawed-off shotgun in violation of 26 U.S.C. §§ 5841(b), 5861(d). The appeal to this court concerned the propriety of the trial judge's denial of a motion to suppress the use of the weapon as evidence. We stated in United States v. Parizo, 495 F.2d 1406 (1974) at 1407:

As the case has developed on appeal it appears that a decisive issue may well be whether the hotel room had been abandoned by appellant when the firearm was found. No finding was made below on the point, and we adopt the suggestion contained in the Government's brief that the case be remanded so that the trial court, after allowing the parties to adduce evidence thereon if they desire to do so, may state conclusions on the issue.

At the additional hearing we mandated, the trial judge did not limit the inquiry solely to the question of abandonment but explored the entire picture of the appellant's stay at the motel. This was entirely proper. Remmer v. United States, 350 U.S. 377, 76 S.Ct. 425, 100 L.Ed. 435 (1956). Defense counsel did not object to this broader inquiry, indeed, he participated vigorously in the proceedings.

The facts relevant to this appeal found by the trial judge are as follows: The appellant checked into the South Burlington, Vermont, Holiday Inn in the early morning hours of April 22, 1970. As neither he nor his companion had luggage, the appellant, in keeping with motel policy, paid for one night's lodging in advance. The desk clerk informed appellant that checkout time was 2:00 P.M. The next morning while engaging the busboy for various errands, appellant stated somewhat vaguely to him that appellant intended to stay on at the motel for a few days. Later that morning, when the appellant was leaving the room, he told the chambermaid that the room did not require cleaning and that he would be staying for a few days. Neither the busboy nor the chambermaid communicated the appellant's comments to the motel management or to the front desk. The trial judge found that the appellant left the motel at that time with "no firm intention" of reoccupying the room, but with a "tentative notion to return", if convenient. That afternoon a half hour before the 2:00 checkout time noted by printed card on the inside of each motel door, the chambermaid cleaned the room in preparation for new occupancy and found marijuana and a pipe concealed in the room. Informed of the chambermaid's discovery, the manager ordered the appellant checked out of the motel and called the police. Meanwhile, the appellant, his overnight companion, and another, returned to the room with various personal items after the checkout time. A police officer arrived shortly thereafter. Leaving their belongings and their automobile at the motel, the appellant and the others accompanied the officer to the police station. The motel manager then examined the vacated room and, upon finding the weapon which is the subject of this prosecution, again notified the police. A police officer came, entered the room with the manager's consent but without a search warrant, and removed the weapon and the personal items from the room.

The trial judge carefully weighed and appraised these facts and once again denied appellant's motion to suppress. He concluded in part:

Here there was no unambiguous act of intentional abandonment on the facts presented, as in Abel v. United States, 362 U.S. 217, 241, 80 S.Ct. 683, 4 L.Ed.2d 668 (1960). However, when the defendant with his party sought to reoccupy room 300 the term of his occupancy had ended. The defendant had intentionally relinquished possession of the room and nothing was left behind except the package containing the marijuana and the pipe . . .

When the rental period expired, the defendant, as a prior guest, had "completely lost his right to use the room and any privacy associated with it." United States v. Croft, 429 F.2d 884, 887 (10 Cir. 1970) (Lewis, C. J.). Since the defendant had no right to privacy, he suffered no invasion of that right by the innkeeper's search and discovery of the weapon, and subsequent delivery of the prohibited firearm to the local police. Id. See United States v. Cowan, supra, 396 F.2d at 87.

On the basis of the facts developed on remand, we cannot say that the findings of the trial judge were clearly erroneous, and we affirm appellant's conviction. The protection against unreasonable search and seizure extends to all constitutionally protected areas, which includes in proper instances hotel rooms. Hoffa v. United States, 385 U.S. 293, 87 S.Ct. 408, 17 L.Ed.2d 374 (1966); Stoner v. State of California, 376 U.S. 483, 84 S.Ct. 889, 11 L.Ed.2d 856 (1964). The basis of the protection, it is now clear, is the right of the individual to privacy rather than the proprietary interest of the individual in the premises. Warden v. Hayden, 387 U.S. 294, 304, 87 S.Ct. 1642, 18 L.Ed.2d 782 (1967). The facts of the present case illustrate the close relationships of these conceptual bases: when the term of a guest's occupancy of a room expires, the guest loses his...