U.S. v. Petty

• Decision Date: 11 May 1993
• Docket Number: Nos. 90-30291,s. 90-30291
• Citation: 982 F.2d 1365
• Parties: UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Robert M. PETTY, Defendant-Appellant. UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Melvin L. DeWITT, Defendant-Appellant. UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Pasqual DEBRAINE, Defendant-Appellant. UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Jordan Rodrigues QUINTAL, Jr., Defendant-Appellant. to 90-30294.
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — Ninth Circuit

Page 1365

982 F.2d 1365

UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Robert M. PETTY, Defendant-Appellant.

UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Melvin L. DeWITT, Defendant-Appellant.

UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Pasqual DEBRAINE, Defendant-Appellant.

UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Jordan Rodrigues QUINTAL, Jr., Defendant-Appellant.

Nos. 90-30291 to 90-30294.

United States Court of Appeals Ninth Circuit.

Argued and Submitted Feb. 7, 1992.

Decided Jan. 7, 1993.

As Amended May 11, 1993. ^*

Richard J. Troberman, James L. Varnell, Ziontz, Chestnut, Varnell, Berley & Slonim, Seattle, WA, Frank J. Ragen, San Diego, CA, and David S. Marshall, Seattle, WA, for defendants-appellants.

Jerry Diskin, Asst. U.S. Atty., Seattle, WA, for plaintiff-appellee.

Appeal from the United States District Court for the Western District of Washington.

Before: HUG, NOONAN and THOMPSON, Circuit Judges.

DAVID R. THOMPSON, Circuit Judge:

Robert M. Petty, Melvin L. DeWitt, Pasqual Debraine and Jordan Rodrigues Quintal, Jr. challenge the use of a coconspirator's post-arrest statement against them at the sentencing phase of the criminal process. Other issues involving these defendants have been dealt with in an unpublished memorandum disposition. A separate sentencing issue raised by Petty and Quintal is dealt with in a separate opinion filed herewith.

The issue dealt with in this opinion is novel: In sentencing under the Sentencing Guidelines, may the court rely on the sworn, post-arrest admissions of an unavailable coconspirator given by him in the course of plea bargaining with the government?

FACTS

Donald Craig Kessack was the kingpin in a conspiracy to distribute cocaine. After his arrest, he began plea negotiations with the government. On October 31, 1989, as part of these negotiations, he proffered a statement under oath to the government ("the Statement"). The proffer was made to induce the government to agree to a plea bargain. It was made on the condition that the government would not use the information against Kessack in any way other than to impeach him if he later gave testimony inconsistent with the proffer.

Kessack's negotiations failed. There was no plea agreement. He went to trial with his coconspirators, including the defendants mentioned in this appeal.

Kessack and the others were convicted on April 4, 1990. The government then moved for the sentencing of Kessack, and he was sentenced without the court seeing the Statement. Two weeks later, the sentencing hearing of the other defendants was held. The government called Kessack as a witness. He refused to testify on the ground of his privilege against self-incrimination. On the government's motion, the district court entered an order compelling him to testify. Kessack persisted in his refusal to answer any questions. The government then asked the court to unseal and review the Statement. The court did so and on July 13, 1990 notified the appellants that it had reviewed the Statement and had considered its content for purposes of sentencing.

On July 23, 1990 Kessack made a second sworn statement in which he cast doubt on the accuracy and reliability of his first Statement. The sentencing hearing then resumed on July 27, 1990. Based on information in the Statement, which the court determined was corroborated by other evidence, the court found that the entire conspiracy involved more than 50 kilograms of cocaine. The court sentenced Petty and Debraine on the 50-kilogram basis, and Quintal and DeWitt on the 15-49.99-kilogram basis. Quintal and DeWitt received the lower basis because the court determined that it could not find by a preponderance of the evidence that Quintal and DeWitt were involved during the entire period of the conspiracy, or that they dealt with 50 kilograms or more of cocaine, or that they knew or had reason to know that levels of 50 kilograms or more would be dealt with by the conspiracy. All four defendants appeal the use of the Statement.

ANALYSIS

The appellants first contend that because the Statement is hearsay, the Confrontation Clause bars its consideration at sentencing. ¹ We reject this argument.

In Williams v. New York, 337 U.S. 241, 69 S.Ct. 1079, 93 L.Ed. 1337 (1949), the Supreme Court held that courts may consider hearsay at sentencing. The Sentencing Guidelines do not change this. The Guidelines explicitly allow a sentencing court to consider information relevant to the sentencing determination "without regard to its admissibility under the rules of evidence applicable at trial, provided that the information has sufficient indicia of reliability to support its probable accuracy." U.S.S.G. § 6A1.3(a). The commentary to section 6A1.3(a) provides:

In determining the relevant facts, sentencing judges are not restricted to information that would be admissible at trial. 18 U.S.C. § 3661. Any information may be considered, so long as it has "sufficient indicia or reliability to support its probable accuracy." United States v. Marshall, 519 F.Supp. 751 (D.C.Wis.1981) [sic], aff'd, 719 F.2d 887 (7th Cir.1983); United States v. Fatico, 579 F.2d 707 (2d Cir.1978). Reliable hearsay evidence may be considered. Out-of-court declarations by an unidentified informant may be considered "where there is good cause for the nondisclosure of his identity and there is sufficient corroboration by other means." United States v. Fatico, 579 F.2d at 713. Unreliable allegations shall not be considered. United States v. Weston, 448 F.2d 626 (9th Cir.1971).

U.S.S.G. § 6A1.3 comment.; see also United States v. Beaulieu, 893 F.2d 1177, 1180 (10th Cir.) (the Guidelines were not intended to place new restrictions on the sources of information available to the sentencing judge), cert. denied, 497 U.S. 1038, 110 S.Ct. 3302, 111 L.Ed.2d 811 (1990).

It is plain there is no language in the Guidelines that requires the application of the Confrontation Clause at sentencing. The question is whether the dramatic changes in the sentencing process brought about by the Guidelines create a constitutional right of confrontation where none existed before.

Of the circuits that have considered this question, all seven have held that the Confrontation Clause does not apply at sentencing, notwithstanding the enactment of the Guidelines. ² These circuits are the First Circuit in United States v. Tardiff, 969 F.2d 1283, 1287 (1st Cir.1992); the Third Circuit in United States v. Kikumura, 918 F.2d 1084, 1102-03 (3d Cir.1990); the Fourth Circuit in United States v. Johnson, 935 F.2d 47, 50 (4th Cir.), cert. denied, --- U.S. ----, 112 S.Ct. 609, 116 L.Ed.2d 632 (1991); the Fifth Circuit in United States v. Marshall, 910 F.2d 1241, 1244 (5th Cir.1990), cert. denied, --- U.S. ----, 111 S.Ct. 976, 112 L.Ed.2d 1061 (1991); the Sixth Circuit in United States v. Silverman, 976 F.2d 1502 (6th Cir.1992) (en banc); the Eighth Circuit in United States v. Wise, 976 F.2d 393 (8th Cir.1992) (en banc); and the Tenth Circuit in United States v. Beaulieu, 893 F.2d 1177, 1180 (10th Cir.), cert. denied, 497 U.S. 1038, 110 S.Ct. 3302, 111 L.Ed.2d 811 (1990).

In holding that the Confrontation Clause does not apply at sentencing under the Guidelines, the Third Circuit noted that "the procedural protections afforded a convicted defendant at sentencing are traditionally less stringent than the protections afforded a presumptively innocent defendant at trial." United States v. Kikumura, 918 F.2d at 1102-03; see also United States v. Restrepo, 946 F.2d 654 (9th Cir.1991) (en banc) (preponderance of the evidence determines the existence of factors enhancing a sentence), cert. denied, --- U.S. ----, 112 S.Ct. 1564, 118 L.Ed.2d 211 (1992); United States v. Tejada, 956 F.2d 1256, 1263 (2d Cir.) (sentencing courts must consider evidence seized in violation of the Fourth Amendment in passing sentence under the Guidelines), cert. denied, --- U.S. ----, 113 S.Ct. 124, 121 L.Ed.2d 80 (1992).

Specht v. Patterson, 386 U.S. 605, 87 S.Ct. 1209, 18 L.Ed.2d 326 (1967), is not to the contrary. The Court in Specht held that trial-like procedural protections apply at sentencing only if an entirely new and more serious charge is added at sentencing without notice or "any 'hearing in the normal sense.' " McMillan v. Pennsylvania, 477 U.S. 79, 88, 106 S.Ct. 2411, 2417, 91 L.Ed.2d 67 (1986).

Judge Wellford, dissenting in the vacated opinion of United States v. Silverman, explained why Specht does not require application of the Confrontation Clause at sentencing:

First of all, [Specht ] specifically stated adherence to Williams v. New York. What was involved in Specht was a "radically different situation" where invocation of the Colorado law being challenged meant "making of a new charge leading to [enhanced] criminal punishment" without a hearing, presence of counsel, opportunity to be heard, or ability to offer evidence of his own. Specht, 386 U.S. at 608, 610, 87 S.Ct. at 1211, 1212. Specht simply held that Colorado law was deficient for due process reasons because "[i]t makes one conviction the basis for commencing another proceeding under another Act ... [as] an habitual offender and mentally ill" without "reasonable notice and an opportunity to be heard." Id. at 608, 610, 87 S.Ct. at 1211, 1212. There is simply no analogy to the situation presented under state law in Specht and the panoply of due process protection afforded these federal defendants at their sentencing hearings. Nor, as asserted by the majority, was Williams involved in a "nonadversary" system. A defendant, prior to sentencing guidelines (and after), was represented by counsel as an advocate to speak against any prosecution recommendation or unfavorable information and to offer useful information or evidence on behalf of the defendant.

United States v. Silverman, 945 F.2d 1337 (6th Cir.1991) (dissenting opinion) (footnote and emphasis omitted), vacated, 976 F.2d 1502 (6th Cir.1992) (en banc). ³

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