U.S. v. Price

Decision Date24 February 1987
Docket NumberNo. 86-5083,86-5083
PartiesUNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Paul W. PRICE, Defendant-Appellant.
CourtU.S. Court of Appeals — Fourth Circuit

Raymond Dennis Large (Hunter & Large, Sylva, N.C., on brief), for defendant-appellant.

Jerry Wayne Miller, Asst. U.S. Atty. (Charles R. Brewer, U.S. Atty., James R. Fitzner, Asst. U.S. Atty., Asheville, N.C., on brief), for plaintiff-appellee.

Before PHILLIPS and ERVIN, Circuit Judges, and BUTZNER, Senior Circuit Judge.

BUTZNER, Senior Circuit Judge:

Paul W. Price appeals a judgment sentencing him on his plea of guilty to ten years' imprisonment for taking indecent liberties with an eight-year old child for sexual purposes. Price, who is not an Indian, committed the offense against an Indian on the Cherokee Indian Reservation. He was convicted of violating North Carolina General Statute Sec. 14-202.1(a)(1), which was assimilated into federal law pursuant to the Assimilative Crimes Act, 18 U.S.C. Sec. 13. Price's assignments of error raise two issues: whether the North Carolina Fair Sentencing Act is applicable; and if the Act applies, whether the district court erred in its consideration of mitigating and aggravating factors.

The district court held that the Fair Sentencing Act was not applicable to prosecutions brought under the Assimilative Crimes Act. Nevertheless, it sentenced in accordance with the Fair Sentencing Act. We conclude that the Fair Sentencing Act is applicable and that the district court substantially complied with it. Accordingly, we affirm the judgment of the district court.

I

North Carolina punishes any person taking indecent liberties with a child under 16 for the purpose of arousing or gratifying sexual desire as a class H felony. N.C.Gen.Stat. Sec. 14-202.1(a)(1) and (b). The maximum imprisonment for a class H felony is 10 years. Sec. 14-1.1(a)(8). North Carolina's Fair Sentencing Act specifies that the presumptive sentence for a class H felony is three years. Sec. 15A-1340.4(f)(6). The court, however, can depart from the presumptive sentence by weighing mitigating and aggravating factors that are proved by a preponderance of the evidence. If aggravating factors outweigh mitigating factors, the court may impose punishment up to the statutory maximum. Conversely, if mitigating factors preponderate, the court may impose a sentence less than the presumptive sentence. The court must explain its reasons for enhancing or reducing a sentence. Sec. 15A-1340.4(a) and (b).

We cannot accept the government's contention that the North Carolina Fair Sentencing Act is inapplicable. The Assimilative Crimes Act provides that a person who commits a crime at a place subject to federal jurisdiction which does not violate federal law but violates the law of a state where the place is situated "shall be guilty of a like offense and subject to a like punishment." 18 U.S.C. Sec. 13. Courts have long recognized that the plain language of this statute should be given effect. Speaking of an earlier version, the Supreme Court explained that an assimilated crime "although punished as an offense against the United States, was punishable only in the way and to the extent that it would have been punishable if the territory embraced by the reservation remained subject to the jurisdiction of the state." United States v. Press Publishing Co., 219 U.S. 1, 10, 31 S.Ct. 212, 214, 55 L.Ed. 65 (1911). The Court has also observed that while Congress could adopt a criminal code for federal enclaves, it has instead provided that "there shall be complete current conformity with the criminal laws of the respective states in which the enclaves are situated." United States v. Sharpnack, 355 U.S. 286, 293, 78 S.Ct. 291, 295, 2 L.Ed.2d 282 (1958). In accord with the Court's literal interpretation of the statute we have held that the "Act was designed to assimilate the entire state criminal law into any appropriate federal enclave and does not contemplate selective incorporation." United States v. Robinson, 495 F.2d 30, 33 (4th Cir.1974).

The Assimilative Crimes Act assimilates state substantive law pertaining to the elements of an offense and its punishment. It does not generally adopt state procedures or rules of evidence. Kay v. United States, 255 F.2d 476, 479 (4th Cir.1958). Because the North Carolina Fair Sentencing Act is codified in a chapter dealing with criminal procedure, the government argues that it is not assimilated as part of state substantive law. This argument, though superficially appealing, will not bear close scrutiny.

To determine the sentence for a class H felony that the legislature deemed appropriate, a North Carolina judge must look to other sections of the North Carolina Code for the maximum sentence and the presumptive sentence. The codification of the Fair Sentencing Act in the chapter dealing with criminal procedure does not establish that it is not assimilated. To comply with the Assimilative Crimes Act's mandate to impose "like punishment," a federal judge, like his state counterpart, must refer to the Fair Sentencing Act to ascertain the presumptive sentence and the factors that justify its reduction or enhancement.

The government argues, however, that a federal court's reference to North Carolina statutes prescribing sentences for a class H felony should be limited to ascertaining the range of punishment, which in this case is imprisonment not to exceed ten years. In support of its argument the government relies on United States v. Vaughan, 682 F.2d 290 (2d Cir.1982), and 18 U.S.C. Sec. 3577.

Neither of these authorities forecloses application of the Fair Sentencing Act. Vaughan held that a district court properly sentenced a burglar to enhanced punishment as a second offender pursuant to state law but that the district court could not impose the minimum length of confinement specified by state law. In reaching this conclusion, the court reconciled federal statutes governing good time credits and eligibility for parole with the Assimilative Crimes Act and concluded that federal law should govern the conditions of confinement and release from a federal institution. The issue in Vaughan does not arise in this case. State law requires no minimum term of punishment for Price's offense. He will be released from prison according to federal law.

We have no difficulty reconciling 18 U.S.C. Sec. 3577 * with the assimilation of North Carolina's Fair Sentencing Act. Section 3577 places no limitation on the information concerning the background, character, and conduct of a person convicted of crime which a federal court may consider in imposing an appropriate sentence. Similarly, the factors which a...

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