U.S. v. Puig

• Decision Date: 24 February 1987
• Docket Number: No. 86-5195,86-5195
• Citation: 810 F.2d 1085
• Parties: UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Jorge Luis PUIG, Manuel Pena, Jr., and Alfredo Equed-Ibarran, Defendants-Appellants. Non-Argument Calendar.
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — Eleventh Circuit

Page 1085

810 F.2d 1085

UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Jorge Luis PUIG, Manuel Pena, Jr., and Alfredo Equed-Ibarran, Defendants-Appellants.

No. 86-5195

Non-Argument Calendar.

United States Court of Appeals Eleventh Circuit.

Feb. 24, 1987.

Joaquin N. Fernandez, Miami, Fla., for Puig.

Raymond J. Takiff, Coconut Grove, Fla., for Pena.

Theodore J. Sakowitz, Federal Public Defender, Richard C. Klugh, Jr., Asst. Federal Public Defender, Miami, Fla., for Equed-Ibarran.

Leon B. Kellner, U.S. Atty., Linda Collins Hertz, Chief Appellate Section, Mayra Reyler Lichter, Sonia Escobio O'Donnell, Asst. U.S. Attys., Miami, Fla., for United States.

Appeals from the United States District Court for the Southern District of Florida.

Before GODBOLD, VANCE and JOHNSON, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:

On April 5, 1985 Customs Patrol Officer LeGasse stopped and boarded a 28 foot boat in the Government Cut area of Florida. The vessel was taken to the Miami Beach Police dock where the agent seized approximately 317 kilograms of cocaine hidden in a secret compartment in the boat's bulkhead. Aboard the boat were defendants Puig, Pena, and Equed-Ibarran. The three were indicted for the possession of cocaine with intent to distribute (21 U.S.C. Sec. 841(a)(1)), conspiracy to possess cocaine with intent to distribute (21 U.S.C. Sec. 846), importation of cocaine (21 U.S.C. Secs. 952(a) and 960(a)(1)), and conspiracy to import cocaine (21 U.S.C. Sec. 963). Defendants moved to suppress the seized cocaine and their statements to customs agents at the time of their arrest. After four days of evidentiary hearings, the magistrate denied these motions. A jury returned verdicts of guilty as to all defendants on all counts. Defendants now appeal. We affirm.

Appellants' principal grievance is that the district court failed to rule the search and seizure of their boat to be violative of the Fourth Amendment. Defendants claim that Officer LaGasse acted improperly in towing their vessel to the Miami Beach Police dock and drilling holes in it; therefore, the seized cocaine and their later statements should be excluded as fruits of an illegal search. We conclude, however, that the search was entirely consistent with constitutional standards. ¹ Officer LeGasse had been alerted by customs agents engaged in aerial surveillance that defendants' boat had entered the United States from foreign waters. Consequently, LeGasse was entitled to undertake a border search of the boat. United States v. Moreno, 778 F.2d 719, 721 (11th Cir.1985); United States v. Rojas, 731 F.2d 707, 709 (11th Cir.1984). ² Border searches are governed by the reasonableness requirement of the Fourth Amendment. See United States v. Villamonte-Marquez, 462 U.S. 579, 588, 103 S.Ct. 2573, 2579, 77 L.Ed.2d 22 (1983). ³ This court has applied this reasonableness requirement by adopting a flexible test which adjusts the strength of the suspicion required for a particular search to the intrusiveness of that search. United States v. Vega-Barvo, 729 F.2d 1341, 1344 (11th Cir.), cert. denied, 469 U.S. 1088, 105 S.Ct. 597, 83 L.Ed.2d 706 (1984). Here, Officer LeGasse initially boarded and conducted an unintrusive visual inspection of the boat. This visual inspection revealed a number of factors which were inconsistent with the "fishing trip" story given by the defendants and which raised a reasonable suspicion based on Officer LeGasse's experience that illegal contraband was hidden in the unaccounted for section beyond the forward bulkhead. It was thus reasonable for the agent to undertake a more thorough search at the Miami Beach Police dock. See United States v. Sarda-Villa, 760 F.2d 1232 (11th Cir.1985). ⁴

Appellants emphasize the intrusiveness of LeGasse's drilling into the plywood section of the hull, decrying "the permanent physical destruction of an integral part of the vessel" and terming it an act which "violate[d] the integrity of permanent parts of the vessel." Yet this surely overstates the damage wrought by a small hole that could easily be plugged and repaired. The drilling of the hole was the only means to reach the secret compartment. The government must be permitted to take such limited steps when it has established a reasonable suspicion of illegal activity. ⁵ In United States v. Sarda-Villa, 760 F.2d 1232, 1239 (11th Cir.1985), an ax and a crowbar were used in a border search to gain access to false fuel tanks. This search was found to be constitutional. As the Sarda-Villa court reasoned:

[O]nce the officers have the right to conduct a thorough search, they are entitled to use reasonable means to effect that search. As we have recently noted, "[o]therwise, a person could preclude inspection of a vessel's interior simply by covering over all entrances to the interior so that some damage to the vessel would be inevitable if officers attempted to conduct a full-scale search."

760 F.2d at 1239 (quoting United States v. Andreu, 715 F.2d 1497, 1501 n. 13 (11th Cir.1983)). See also United States v. Moreno, 778 F.2d 719, 721-22 (11th Cir.1985) (drilling of holes and use of electric saw during border search found constitutional). ⁶

Defendants also claim that the district court erred in admitting into evidence their statements at the time of their arrest. After finding the drugs and arresting the defendants, Officer LeGasse contacted the customs communications center through his portable radio. When LeGasse advised the communications center that he had found approximately 50 pounds of cocaine, defendant Pena spontaneously stated "No man, there was approximately 316 kilos of cocaine in there." Equed-Ibarran then chimed in that he thought that the amount was actually 315 kilos of cocaine. Officer LeGasse then asked Puig if he had any knowledge of what was contained in the boat Puig responded, "Yeah, maybe--I don't know." As LeGasse resumed his efforts to get full access into the hidden compartment containing the cocaine, Pena and Equed-Ibarran began to explain to the agent how the compartment had been built. They went so far as to inform the agent that the spatula used in the fiberglassing process was located in the bow of the boat. Pena and Equed-Ibarran continued to discuss the boat and their drug activities on their way to customs headquarters. At customs headquarters, Pena and Equed-Ibarran gave full statements about their drug smuggling activities, including details about where they picked up the drugs, how much money was exchanged, and where they were to deliver the drugs.

Appellants now assert that these statements were not made voluntarily and, instead, were forced from them under duress. Defendants do not dispute that they were immediately advised of their Miranda rights by LeGasse upon their arrest and advised again by the agents at customs headquarters; nor do they dispute that they understood these rights and waived them prior to making any statements. Defendants maintain, however, that the police coerced their waiver of rights and subsequent statements by detaining them at the Miami Beach Police dock and by not permitting them to make telephone calls. This argument borders on the nonsensical. Certainly an arrest restricts one's liberty, but such a restriction does not amount to duress or coercion. If it did, every custodial interrogation would be ruled invalid. Furthermore, appellants at no time expressed a desire to make a phone call at the dock or the customs office; suspects are generally permitted to place a telephone call when they arrive at the Metropolitan Correctional Center. Their wait on the dock during LeGasse's search was not oppressive, lasting only a short time in not uncomfortable physical conditions. The agents' adherence to established constitutional procedures is evident from their treatment of Puig. Puig refused to waive his rights and asked for a lawyer at customs headquarters; as a result, he was not interviewed and made no statements. It is clear from the totality of the circumstances that appellants' statements were voluntarily made and properly admitted into evidence. See United States v. Vera, 701 F.2d 1349, 1364 (11th Cir.1983). ⁷

Appellants also complain that the government improperly presented testimony commenting on Puig's post-Miranda silence. During the testimony of DEA agent Perez, the agent was supposed to testify only about Pena and Equed-Ibarran's actions at customs headquarters. Perez, nevertheless, stated in his direct testimony that "Mr. Puig didn't want to make any statements so, basically, we just did identifying information." We agree that this type of reference to a defendant's silence should be avoided. The facts of this case do not warrant reversal, though. Significantly, Puig's post-arrest silence had been brought to the jury's attention earlier by his own counsel's cross-examination of a prior witness. ⁸ Perez's passing remark also was never stressed or even mentioned again by the prosecutor. The jury's judgment in rejecting Puig's contention that he was "merely present" aboard the vessel and finding him guilty beyond a reasonable doubt was based on strong and irrefutable evidence. Any error resulting from Perez's remark was clearly harmless. See, e.g., United States v. Hasting, 461 U.S. 499, 103 S.Ct. 1974, 76 L.Ed.2d 96 (1983); United States v. Suggs, 755 F.2d 1538, 1540-41 (11th Cir.1985). ⁹

Lastly, appellants protest the district court's denials of their motions for severance. This court will only review a trial court's refusal to grant a severance under Fed.R.Crim.P. 14 for abuse of discretion. United States v. DeSimone, 660 F.2d 532, 539 (5th Cir. Unit B 1981), cert. denied, 455 U.S. 1027, 102 S.Ct. 1732, 72 L.Ed.2d 149 (1982). To establish an abuse of discretion, a defendant must demonstrate that without severance ...