U.S. v. Ramos
Decision Date | 07 December 1994 |
Docket Number | Nos. 93-2726,93-2739,s. 93-2726 |
Citation | 42 F.3d 1160 |
Parties | UNITED STATES of America, Appellee, v. Salvador RAMOS, Appellant. UNITED STATES of America, Appellee, v. Servando RAMOS, Appellant. |
Court | U.S. Court of Appeals — Eighth Circuit |
Michael J. Burdette, Des Moines, IA, argued, for Salvador Ramos.
Chip J. Lowe, Des Moines, IA, argued, for Servando Ramos.
Edwin F. Kelly, Des Moines, IA, argued, for U.S.
Before RICHARD S. ARNOLD, Chief Judge, BEAM, Circuit Judge, and JACKSON, * District Judge.
Servando and Salvador Ramos appeal the District Court's 1 refusal to suppress evidence seized during a search of Salvador's truck. The Ramos brothers argue that the police did not have probable cause to search their truck, and that the consent given by Salvador to search the truck was not knowing or voluntary. After hearing argument, we filed an opinion reversing the judgment, one judge dissenting. 20 F.3d 348 (8th Cir.1994). We then granted the United States' petition for rehearing and restored the case to the calendar for reargument. We now hold that the District Court's finding of consent is not clearly erroneous, and therefore affirm.
Early one August morning in Scott County, Iowa, brothers Salvador and Servando Ramos were driving their truck east on Interstate 80. Trooper Brian Abernathy had positioned himself at a crossover when he spotted a truck with a Texas license plate carrying a passenger, Servando, not wearing his seat belt. The trooper followed the truck to make sure he was right and then pulled it over. The trooper asked for both Salvador's and Servando's driver's licenses and asked Salvador, who had been driving the truck, to come back to his patrol car while he ran checks on both licenses. Neither of the two appeared nervous, and both cooperated with the trooper.
While checking the licenses, Trooper Abernathy engaged Salvador in some conversation, asking him about his employment, where they were going, and where they were coming from. Salvador told the trooper that they were driving to Chicago to see a sick cousin. When Trooper Abernathy asked Salvador what part of Chicago they were going to, Salvador did not know.
After the checks on their licenses and the truck came back clear, the trooper gave Salvador his license back and asked him to remain in the patrol car while he gave Servando a warning. 2 He wanted Salvador to stay in the patrol car because he wanted to continue asking Salvador more questions. Trooper Abernathy went up to the truck, gave Servando his warning, and asked Servando where they were going. To this question Servando also told the trooper that they were going to Chicago to visit a sick cousin. Even though the brothers' answers were consistent, the trooper returned to his patrol car and asked Salvador whether they had any guns or drugs because "it's a known fact that drugs and weapons are being transported across the interstate." (Suppression Hearing p. 54.) Salvador answered no, and the trooper then asked for permission to search the truck.
When Salvador told Abernathy he could search, the trooper pulled out a bilingual (English and Spanish) "Consent to Search" form. He advised Salvador that he did not have to consent, filled out one side of the form, and asked Salvador to sign it. Salvador did so, and Trooper Abernathy called for back-up to assist in the search. When the back-up arrived, Servando was asked to stand behind the truck, and Salvador joined him.
At first Trooper Abernathy found only medical supplies consistent with Servando's infirmities. Then he looked in the driver's side map pouch and found a .45 caliber bullet. He also noticed an old pair of boots behind the driver's seat, and in one of the boots there was a brown paper sack with more bullets. The trooper then asked Salvador if there was a gun in the truck; Salvador said that he was not sure. Trooper Abernathy went back to the truck, looked in the other boot, and found a handgun.
Trooper Abernathy noticed there was some spot welding at the seams of the fuel tank, which made him wonder whether the tank could hold fluid. He began to inspect the tank and noticed details suggesting the tank was not being used for diesel. Residue usually associated with diesel was not there, and there was visible rust in the filler tubes of the tank.
Abernathy asked Salvador to drive the truck to a nearby service station for a closer mechanical inspection. Salvador agreed, and the trooper had the station notified that they would be coming. While he was radioing in, the brothers talked to each other in Spanish and then told the troopers that they would find 150 pounds of marijuana in their tank. The brothers claimed they were carrying the pot to Chicago for a Texas state narcotics officer and showed the troopers an old Texas state narcotics business card. The truck was taken to the station, and after the Ramos brothers showed them how to get into the false tank, the police found 159 pounds of marijuana.
After a suppression hearing, the District Court found that the traffic stop was valid, that the questions the trooper asked were not intrusive, and that the trooper had sufficient reason (foreign plates, uncertainty about what part of Chicago they were going to) to ask whether the Ramoses were carrying guns or drugs and to request permission to search the truck. The Court also expressly found the consent to search was voluntary. The Ramoses appeal these findings and the Court's denial of their motion to suppress the evidence.
The Ramos brothers first argue that the scope of the questioning was not reasonably related to the circumstances that justified the stop, and therefore the fruits of the search should be suppressed. See United States v. Cummins, 920 F.2d 498, 502 (8th Cir.1990), cert. denied, --- U.S. ----, 112 S.Ct. 428, 116 L.Ed.2d 448, 449 (1991).
Trooper Abernathy stopped the truck after he observed Servando not wearing his seat belt. This is a legitimate reason for a stop, and our review of the record does not reveal clear error in the District Court's credibility determination or findings of fact regarding the traffic violation. See United States v Garcia, 23 F.3d 1331, 1334 (8th Cir.1994). We conclude, therefore, that this stop was initially permissible.
After stopping the truck, the trooper could ask any questions reasonably related to the stop. Cummins, 920 F.2d at 502. Typically, a reasonable investigation of a traffic stop may include asking for the driver's license and registration, requesting the driver to sit in the patrol car, and asking the driver about his destination and purpose. United States v. Barahona, 990 F.2d 412, 416 (8th Cir.1993); United States v. Richards, 967 F.2d 1189, 1192-93 (8th Cir.1992). Here, of course, there was no violation by the driver, but we assume for purposes of this appeal that it was lawful for the trooper to question him in a routine manner.
If reasonably related questions raise inconsistent answers, or if the licenses and registration do not check out, a trooper's suspicions may be raised so as to enable him to expand the scope of the stop and ask additional, more intrusive, questions. If, however, no answers are inconsistent and no objective circumstances supply the trooper with additional suspicion, the trooper should not expand the scope of the stop.
Abernathy asked for Servando's and Salvador's drivers' licenses, and he asked both men where they were going. Both of the brothers gave the trooper their licenses, and both answered that they were going to Chicago to visit a sick cousin. The license check came back clear, and both brothers answered the trooper's questions consistently. The Ramos brothers were cooperative, their licenses were clean, the truck was not stolen, their answers about their destination were consistent, and Servando had a reason for not wearing his seat belt--a colostomy bag.
On this record, the District Court held that the officer had a sufficient objective basis under Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 88 S.Ct. 1868, 20 L.Ed.2d 889 (1968), to question Salvador Ramos further. The Court relied on the facts that the vehicle was on an interstate highway with out-of-state plates, and that Salvador and Servando were not certain about the part of Chicago that was their destination. We respectfully disagree with this conclusion. All of these facts were consistent with innocent behavior. Of course, that is not in itself sufficient to negative the existence of reasonable articulable suspicion under Terry. A trained officer may properly infer from a collection of circumstances, no one of which itself indicates illegal activity, that further inquiry is appropriate. In the present case, though, the collection of circumstances relied on is simply insufficient. We so held in the panel opinion, and it is not necessary to repeat here the reasons that were explained at that time.
The District Court, however, went on to articulate another, independent basis for its decision to deny the motion to suppress. 3 The Court said:
In any event, it is plain to me that it was reasonable for the officer to request permission to search the pickup. Salvador understood all of the English spoken by the officers that day.... When the request was made, Salvador plainly understood that he didn't have to give the permission. He voluntarily consented. From that point on, everything that was done was with the consent of the defendants.
None of these findings of fact is clearly erroneous. All of them are well supported in this record. Trooper Abernathy testified that after his conversation with Salvador, he returned his driver's license. He told Salvador that "he did not have to let me search his vehicle--and he wanted to let me search his vehicle--that I needed him to sign on the line." Motion Tr. 20. In addition, the consent form, which was in both English and Spanish, itself stated that there was no...
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