U.S. v. Reeves

• Decision Date: 23 April 1979
• Docket Number: No. 78-5190,78-5190
• Parties: UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. John Henry REEVES, Defendant-Appellant.
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — Sixth Circuit

Page 536

594 F.2d 536

UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. John Henry REEVES, Defendant-Appellant.

No. 78-5190.

United States Court of Appeals, Sixth Circuit.

Argued Oct. 19, 1978.

Decided March 2, 1979.

Rehearing and Rehearing En Banc denied April 23, 1979.

Donald N. Krosin, Deputy Federal Defender, Cleveland, Ohio, for defendant-appellant.

William T. Beyer, U. S. Atty., Nancy C. Schuster, Cleveland, Ohio, for plaintiff-appellee.

Before EDWARDS, Chief Judge, CELEBREZZE, Circuit Judge, and PECK, Senior Circuit Judge.

EDWARDS, Chief Judge.

Appellant seeks reversal of his conviction after jury trial on a charge of armed robbery of a bank, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2113(a) and (d) (1976).

This appeal presents two substantial questions: 1) whether items of clothing seized without warrant in a room occupied by appellant were illegally admitted into evidence over objection because the consent relied on was furnished by another occupant of the premises, and 2) whether the judge's charge on criminal intent was such as improperly to shift the burden of proving absence of guilt to the appellant.

On consideration of the whole record, we find that the articles of clothing were properly admitted at trial. As to the intent instruction, we hold that a portion of the instruction given was erroneous and should not be employed. We also hold, however, that in this case the criminal intent of the person who robbed this bank was never placed at issue. Appellant's defense was simply that he was not the person who did it. This issue was clearly presented to the jury with the burden of proof beyond reasonable doubt placed squarely upon the government. More than adequate evidence to support the jury verdict was presented, including three eyewitness identifications, surveillance camera photographs and appellant's fingerprint and palm print left in the bank. Under these circumstances, we find the error in the charge to be harmless beyond reasonable doubt. Fed.R.Crim.P. 52(a).

Appellant's brief recites the events at the bank and the immediate aftermath as follows:

At about 1:30 p. m. on August 25, 1977, a branch of the Central National Bank at 6422 St. Clair Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio, was robbed by a lone black male. The robber handed a brown paper bag to a teller. He obtained $552.00 in cash, but left the bag behind. The robber was seen entering an automobile parked in front of the bank. The license plate number of the automobile was noted by a witness.

The license plate was traced to one Elizah Patterson, a resident in a large apartment building. Agents tried, without success to find Mr. Patterson. On August 26, 1977, Mr. Patterson contacted the agents and was shown a surveillance photograph which he said was "John", a tenant in the building in which he lived.

On August 26, 1977, as a result of this information, the agents proceeded to place under arrest a man named Joseph De Jarnett. Mr. De Jarnette was arrested and taken to FBI headquarters, agents remained at Mr. De Jarnette's suite. They continued to interview Mr. De Jarnette's young daughter and a woman identified only as "Antoinette." Up to that point, the Appellant was not a suspect in this case. The agents were told by the little girl that she had seen the tenant across the hall, named "John", enter Mr. Patterson's automobile. This information was relayed to the case agent. Verbal authorization was then given by Assistant United States Attorney, John Berena for the arrest of the Appellant. No arrest warrant was ever applied for or issued by any judge or magistrate.

Agents around the premises of the apartment building saw an automobile enter a parking lot across the street from the apartment building. Two men got out of the automobile and, subsequently, transferred to another automobile and drove out of the lot. Agents in several automobiles followed the two men and stopped them some distance away. The Appellant was arrested and taken to FBI headquarters. The other man, Stanley Baker, was found to be an occupant of Appellant's suite in the apartment building. Mr. Baker was taken back to the suite by several agents. He accompanied the agents while a search was made and various items were seized, including some from Appellant's bedroom.

Appellant was subsequently charged with a violation of Title 18, § 2113(a), (d), U.S.C.

The only fact which needs to be added to those recited above to warrant our rejecting appellant's first stated issue (a claim of illegal arrest) is that one of the officers who arrested appellant as he was leaving in a car recognized him from the bank surveillance photos. The sum total of the facts contained in the record we view as establishing ample probable cause for the arrest of appellant at the time and place concerned. Thus, we find no need to analyze whether or not appellant's arrest played any role in the subsequent alleged illegal search and seizure to which we turn now.

THE CLAIM OF ILLEGAL SEARCH AND SEIZURE

The driver of the automobile in which appellant was arrested was Stanley Taylor. Mr. Taylor took two FBI Agents into "his" apartment and then took Agent Lyford into a room in which he later told Lyford appellant stayed. There Lyford saw a blue jean suit similar to that worn by the bank bandit, as shown on the surveillance photos. He seized the two-piece blue jean suit and over appellant's vigorous objection that he had not consented, it was received at the trial. This court, and the Supreme Court of the United States, have made it clear that voluntary consent to search by a joint owner or occupant having joint control can be a valid basis for lawful seizure of evidence. United States v. Matlock, 415 U.S. 164, 171, 94 S.Ct. 988, 39 L.Ed.2d 242 (1974); Coolidge v. New Hampshire, 403 U.S. 443, 466-71, 91 S.Ct. 2022, 29 L.Ed.2d 564 (1971); Kirvelaitis v. Gray, 513 F.2d 213, 215 (6th Cir.), Cert. denied, 423 U.S. 855, 96 S.Ct. 103, 46 L.Ed.2d 80 (1975).

In Matlock the Supreme Court said:

(W)hen the prosecution seeks to justify a warrantless search by proof of voluntary consent, it is not limited to proof that consent was given by the defendant, but may show that permission to search was obtained from a third party who possessed common authority over or other sufficient relationship to the premises or effects sought to be inspected.⁷ * * *

7. Common authority is, of course, not to be implied from the mere property interest a third party has in the property. The authority which justifies the third-party consent does not rest upon the law of property, with its attendant historical and legal refinements, see Chapman v. United States, 365 U.S. 610, (81 S.Ct. 776, 5 L.Ed.2d 828) (1961) (landlord could not validly consent to the search of a house he had rented to another, Stoner v. California, 376 U.S. 483, (84 S.Ct. 889, 11 L.Ed.2d 856) (1964) (night hotel clerk could not validly consent to search of customer's room) but rests rather on mutual use of the property by persons generally having joint access or control for most purposes, so that it is reasonable to recognize that any of the co-inhabitants has the right to permit the inspection in his own right and that the others have assumed the risk that one of their number might permit the common area to be searched.

United States v. Matlock, supra, 415 U.S. at 171 and n. 7, 94 S.Ct. at 993 and n. 7.

The District Judge, relying upon Matlock, admitted the suit into evidence on the basis of the following summary of the evidence:

Subsequent to the arrest of the defendant at East 79th and Hough, Special Agents Hultgen and Lyford interviewed the driver of the white Grand Prix Stanley Taylor. Taylor suggested that the interview continue at his apartment at 9410 Hough Avenue, Apartment 10G. Upon arrival at the apartment, Hultgen proceeded to interview a young Negro male who was preparing dinner in the kitchen, while Taylor directed Lyford to a bedroom where the interview commenced. During the interview Lyford observed in plain view a pair of blue denim trousers with a belt laying on a dresser and a blue denim jacket hanging in plain view in the bedroom closet. Thereafter Taylor, upon further inquiry by Lyford, stated that the trousers and jacket were the property of Reeves.

The evidence disclosed that Taylor and Reeves were joint tenants of suite 10G; that the door to the bedroom in question was open; and that access thereto was not impaired by any obstructions. Moreover, the items of clothing were in plain view.

We believe that the District Judge's reliance upon Matlock was appropriate under the facts of this case.

We also have reviewed appellant's claim that other evidence seized in this apartment under a subsequently procured search warrant was improperly received in evidence and find no merit to the claim.

THE DISTRICT JUDGE'S INSTRUCTION ON INTENT

The last issue of significance is appellant's claim that the District Judge gave instruction which improperly shifted the burden of proof to appellant. In part the District Judge charged:

Intent is the purpose or aim or state of mind with which a person acts or fails to act:

It is reasonable to infer that a person ordinarily intends the natural and probable consequences of acts knowingly done or knowingly omitted. So in the absence of evidence in the case which leads the jury to a different or contrary conclusion you may draw the inference and find that the accused intended such natural and probable consequences which one standing in like circumstances and possessing like knowledge should reasonably expect to result from any acts knowingly done or knowingly omitted by such person.

As I have stated, an act or failure to act is knowingly done if done voluntarily and intentionally and not because of mistake or accident or other innocent reason.

(Emphasis added).

This charge has some authority to support it. (See Sherwin v. United States, 320 F.2d 137 (9th Cir. 1963), Cert. denied, 375 U.S. 964, 84 S.Ct. 481, 11 L.Ed.2d 420 (1964))....