U.S. v. Sapp, s. 94-3077

• Decision Date: 18 April 1995
• Docket Number: Nos. 94-3077,s. 94-3077
• Citation: 53 F.3d 1100
• Parties: UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Fletcher SAPP and Ronald Sapp, Defendants-Appellants. to 94-3079.
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — Tenth Circuit

Page 1100

53 F.3d 1100

UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Fletcher SAPP and Ronald Sapp, Defendants-Appellants.

Nos. 94-3077 to 94-3079.

United States Court of Appeals, Tenth Circuit.

April 18, 1995.

Robert A. West, Yonke, Arnold, Newbold & Regan, P.C., Kansas City, MO (Kevin E.J. Regan, with him on the briefs), for appellants.

Tanya J. Treadway, Asst. U.S. Atty., Kansas City, KS (Randall K. Rathbun, U.S. Atty., with her on the brief), for appellee.

Before MOORE, TACHA, Circuit Judges, and ALSOP, ^* District Judge.

TACHA, Circuit Judge.

The government charged defendants with violating 18 U.S.C. Secs. 1014 and 1344(2). A jury convicted defendants of violating only section 1344(2). Defendants were sentenced and now appeal to this court. We exercise jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. Sec. 1291 and affirm.

I. BACKGROUND

Defendants are brothers who jointly operated a number of businesses. In 1990 defendants began experiencing financial difficulties. After defendants defaulted on some of their loans at First State Bank ("First State"), they began negotiating for new loans from Midland Bank ("Midland") to pay off First State. At the same time, defendants attempted to persuade First State to discount their delinquent loans.

Eventually First State agreed to discount defendants' outstanding loans by $279,000, leaving them $280,000 in debt. Meanwhile, defendants reached an agreement with Midland that allowed "$850,000 to be made available to [defendants] to settle pending litigation and their indebtedness at First State." In order to draw on the funds, defendants needed both Midland's approval and releases of their indebtedness with other creditors.

Defendants then forged a letter from First State to Midland. The forged letter requested payment of approximately $405,000 to settle defendants' debt to First State--$125,000 more than defendants actually owed. Before disbursing the loan monies, however, Midland discovered the fraud. When confronted with the forgery, defendants admitted forging the letter. They also indicated that they planned to use the extra cash to pay off a loan secured by a relative's certificate of deposit.

A jury found defendants guilty of bank fraud in violation of 18 U.S.C. Sec. 1344(2) but acquitted them of making a false statement to a federally insured financial institution in violation of 18 U.S.C. Sec. 1014. The district court sentenced each defendant to twenty-one months in prison and ordered them to pay $279,000 in restitution. Defendants now appeal to this court.

II. DISCUSSION

A.

We first examine defendants' contention that the district court misapplied the appropriate standard of law. Defendants state that section 1344(2) requires the government to prove that defendants placed the bank "at risk." We review this legal challenge de novo. United States v. Davis, 965 F.2d 804, 809 (10th Cir.1992), cert. denied, --- U.S. ----, 113 S.Ct. 1255, 122 L.Ed.2d 653 (1993).

Section 1344 provides the following:

Whoever knowingly executes, or attempts to execute, a scheme or artifice--

(1) to defraud a financial institution; or

(2) to obtain any of the moneys, funds, credits, assets, securities, or other property owned by, or under the custody or control of, a financial institution, by means of false or fraudulent pretenses, representations, or promises;

shall be fined not more than $1,000,000 or imprisoned not more than 30 years, or both.

Defendants base their contention on this court's decision in United States v. Young, 952 F.2d 1252 (10th Cir.1991). In Young, we analyzed a conviction under clause (1) of section 1344. We stated that, "[t]o support a Sec. 1344 conviction the government does not have to prove the bank suffered any monetary loss, only that the bank was put at potential risk by the scheme to defraud." Id. at 1257. Because this language was not explicitly limited to section 1344(1) claims, defendants claim that the government must prove that the bank was "at risk" under section 1344(2) as well.

We disagree with defendants' reading of Young. In Young we expressly noted that victimizing a bank is "a requirement of Sec. 1344(1) that is not necessary under Sec. 1344(2)." Id. at 1256 n. 4. Requiring the government to prove different elements under each section is logical given the language of the statute. "[C]lause (1) ... expressly requires that the scheme be one 'to defraud,' while clause (2) does not but rather extends to any knowingly false representation." United States v. Medeles, 916 F.2d 195, 199 (5th Cir.1990). ¹ Thus, clause (1) focuses on the conduct as it affects the financial institution, while clause (2) emphasizes the conduct of the defendant. We therefore hold that the government need not prove that a defendant put a bank "at risk" to sustain a conviction under section 1344(2). ²

B.

Defendants next contend that the evidence was insufficient to support a conviction under section 1344(2). "In considering a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence, we review the entire record in the light most favorable to the government to determine whether the evidence is such that a reasonable jury could find the defendant guilty beyond a reasonable doubt." United States v. Dirden, 38 F.3d 1131, 1142 (10th Cir.1994). To the extent that the evidence conflicts, "we accept the jury's resolution of conflicting evidence and its assessment of the credibility of witnesses." Id.

Under section 1344(2), "if a defendant knowingly provided materially false information in order to induce the loan, the crime is complete." United States v. Hollis, 971 F.2d 1441, 1452 (10th Cir.1992), cert. denied, --- U.S. ----, 113 S.Ct. 1580, 123 L.Ed.2d 148 (1993). Thus, we have held that a defendant violates section 1344(2) if she applies loan proceeds in a way contrary to an agreement with the bank, see United States v. Haddock, 956 F.2d 1534, 1552 (10th Cir.), aff'd on other grounds, 961 F.2d 933 (10th Cir.) (en banc), cert. denied, --- U.S. ----, 113 S.Ct. 88, 121 L.Ed.2d 50 (1992), even when there is no actual pecuniary loss to the bank, see United States v. Kelley, 929 F.2d 582, 585 (10th Cir.), cert. denied, 502 U.S. 926, 112 S.Ct. 341, 116 L.Ed.2d 280 (1991).

In this case, a reasonable jury clearly could find defendants guilty of bank fraud. Defendants argue that they could have properly withdrawn the $850,000 from Midland for their personal use and therefore could not be guilty of bank fraud. The jury considered and rejected this contention. A bank officer testified that two conditions needed to be met before any funds were released to defendants: (1) the bank had to approve the disbursement, and (2) defendants had to submit the appropriate releases from their other creditors. Although defendants disputed the bank officer's testimony at trial, their decision to forge a release supports the bank officer's position. After seeing the false document that claimed to "release" defendants from their obligations, the jury could reasonably conclude that defendants were required to submit appropriate documentation before gaining access to the authorized funds and that they submitted the forged document to obtain the additional funds.

Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the government, we conclude that the forged letter could reasonably be viewed as a false representation seeking to obtain funds from the bank. We therefore hold that the evidence was sufficient to convict defendants of bank fraud under section 1344(2).

C.

Defendants also contend that the district court should have instructed the jury on a "good faith" defense. In reviewing jury instructions for error, we examine them in their entirety to "determine whether the instructions, examined in the light of the record as a whole, fairly, adequately, and correctly state the governing law and provide the jury with an ample understanding of the applicable principles of law and factual issues confronting them." United States v. Denny, 939 F.2d 1449, 1454 (10th Cir.1991). Of course, a defendant is entitled to a "theory of the defense" instruction only if the instruction is "supported by sufficient evidence for a jury to find in defendant's favor." United States v. Davis, 953 F.2d 1482, 1492 (10th Cir.), cert. denied, 504 U.S. 945, 112 S.Ct. 2286, 119 L.Ed.2d 210 (1992).

Defendants' proffered instruction would have informed the jury that defendants "contend that neither is guilty of the crime charged because they were not attempting to defraud the Midland Bank." Viewing the instructions that were given as a whole, we conclude that the failure to give this instruction was not error. While the district court did not deliver the exact instruction requested by defendants, it did instruct the jury on the good faith defense. Noting that good faith is a complete defense to the charges, the court asked the jury to consider the evidence bearing on the defendants' state of mind. The instruction allowed the jury to determine that defendants possessed "an intention to avoid taking unfair advantage of another." Defendants' proposed instruction would not have added to the necessary legal framework in any way. We therefore conclude that the failure to give the proffered jury instruction was not error.

D.

In sentencing defendants, the district court determined that the loss to First State was relevant conduct under United States Sentencing Guidelines (U.S.S.G.) Sec. 1B1.3. The court correspondingly increased defendants' offense level for First State's loss. Defendants contend that increasing their offense level was improper. "We review the court's factual findings supporting calculation of loss under the clearly erroneous standard, but review de novo questions of law regarding the application of the Sentencing Guidelines." United States v. Lyons, 992 F.2d 1029, 1032 (10th Cir.1993). When the government seeks to increase a defendant's base offense level, it must show that the relevant conduct occurred by a preponderance of the...