U.S. v. Sharif

• Decision Date: 21 May 1987
• Docket Number: No. 86-1039,86-1039
• Citation: 817 F.2d 1375
• Parties: UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. Parvez SHARIF, Defendant-Appellee.
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — Ninth Circuit

Page 1375

817 F.2d 1375

UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. Parvez SHARIF, Defendant-Appellee.

No. 86-1039.

United States Court of Appeals Ninth Circuit.

Argued and Submitted Feb. 10, 1987.

Decided May 21, 1987.

Karen Skrivseth, Washington, D.C., for plaintiff-appellant.

Thomas F. Pitaro, Las Vegas, Nev., for defendant-appellee.

Appeal from the United States District Court for the District of Nevada.

Before SCHROEDER, WIGGINS and THOMPSON, Circuit Judges.

SCHROEDER, Circuit Judge:

The United States appeals from the district court's order granting defendant's Fed.R.Crim.P. 29(c) motion to acquit after the jury had returned a guilty verdict. Defendant Parvez Sharif was charged with one count of conspiracy to distribute or possess narcotics, 21 U.S.C. Sec. 841(a)(1), and three counts of using a telephone to facilitate that conspiracy, 21 U.S.C. Sec. 843(b). The jury found the defendant guilty on the three facilitation counts but deadlocked on the conspiracy count. The court consequently granted a mistrial on the conspiracy count and then granted the defendant's Rule 29(c) motion to acquit for insufficiency of the evidence on the facilitation counts.

In granting the motion, the court decided that there had been insufficient evidence to support a conviction on the underlying conspiracy count, and that accordingly, in the absence of an underlying conspiracy, the defendant could not be guilty of facilitating the conspiracy. The government does not question the district court's logic, only its conclusion that the evidence to support the conspiracy charge was insufficient.

The defendant challenges the government's right to appeal from a judgment of acquittal. It is that threshold jurisdictional issue to which we first turn.

Title 18 U.S.C. Sec. 3731 authorizes government appeals in criminal cases except when the double jeopardy clause would bar further prosecution. In United States v. Martin Linen Supply Co., 430 U.S. 564, 97 S.Ct. 1349, 51 L.Ed.2d 642 (1977), the Supreme Court held that where the jury fails to reach a verdict and the district court grants a Rule 29(c) motion to acquit, the government may not appeal the court's ruling. Since the result of a successful appeal in such a case would be a retrial, and such a retrial would run afoul of the double jeopardy clause, a government appeal is not allowed. Id. at 569-71, 97 S.Ct. at 1354. The Court treated an acquittal after a jury mistrial under Rule 29(c) as precluding an appeal no less than an acquittal entered on the trial court's own motion or on the defendant's motion prior to a jury verdict under Rule 29(a) and (b). Id. at 575, 97 S.Ct. at 1356.

A different situation is presented where the jury returns a guilty verdict and the district court enters a judgment of acquittal. In that situation, a successful appeal by the government would result merely in a reinstatement of the original verdict, not a new trial. In such a case, a government appeal is permissible. See United States v. Wilson, 420 U.S. 332, 344-45, 95 S.Ct. 1013, 1022, 43 L.Ed.2d 232 (1975); see also United States v. Wright, 742 F.2d 1215, 1224 (9th Cir.1984); United States v. Dreitzler, 577 F.2d 539, 544 (9th Cir.1978), cert. denied, 440 U.S. 921, 99 S.Ct. 1246, 59 L.Ed.2d 473 (1979).

In this case the reason that the district court set aside the jury verdict of guilty on the facilitation counts was the insufficiency of the evidence on the conspiracy count. The defendant therefore argues that this case should be governed by Martin Linen Supply. This case differs fundamentally from Martin Linen Supply, however, in that here the government is not appealing from the judgment of acquittal based upon a hung jury, but from a judgment of acquittal on counts on which the jury rendered verdicts of guilty. As we have seen, the question of appealability turns upon whether resolution of the issues raised in the government's appeal in favor of the government would lead to a new trial, as in Martin Linen Supply, or whether, as in Wilson, the appeal would result in reinstatement of a guilty verdict and no retrial. Here, the judgment of acquittal being appealed is one entered after a guilty verdict and not after a hung jury, and Wilson therefore must control. No retrial would result upon reversal. We hold that the government may appeal.

We next turn to the more difficult question of sufficiency of the evidence underlying the conspiracy count.

The indictment charged Sharif with conspiring with Najeeb Ur Rahman to distribute heroin, or to possess heroin with the intent to distribute it, in violation of 21 U.S.C. Sec. 841(a)(1). The conspiracy count alleged four phone calls, beginning in March 1984, in furtherance of the conspiracy. The government's evidence at trial consisted of the recordings of eleven intercepted telephone conversations. Three of the calls formed the basis for the counts of unlawful use of a communication facility. The government proceeded on the theory that an agreement existed between the two men at the time the first phone call was intercepted. Since the conversations had been conducted in the Pakistani language of Urdu, and involved use of "code," the obfuscatory argot of drug traffickers, the government also relied on a translator and a "code" expert.

We review the grant of a motion for judgment of acquittal under the same standard that the district court used in considering the motion. See, e.g., United States v. Johnson, 804 F.2d 1078, 1083 (9th Cir.1986). We must view the evidence in the light most favorable to the government and determine whether "any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt." Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319, 99 S.Ct. 2781, 2789, 61 L.Ed.2d 560 (1979) (emphasis in original); see also United States v. Clevenger, 733 F.2d 1356, 1358 (9th Cir.1984).

Viewed in that manner, the evidence showed that Sharif was acting as an intermediary for the seller in a contemplated transaction. Sharif's alleged co-conspirator, Rahman, was acting as an intermediary for buyers who intended to distribute heroin. Both men understood from the beginning that Sharif had access to the heroin and would receive a commission from the sale. The parties discussed delivery of a sample to Rahman and details of the final delivery of the heroin. Price was negotiated at some length. Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the government, the jury could have determined that the evidence showed that the two alleged conspirators had an agreement to transact a sale of heroin subject to the agreement of their principals on price. Apparently, the deal was never consummated because Sharif's price was too high for the people Rahman represented.

Among the essential elements of a conspiracy is an agreement to accomplish an illegal objective. The agreement necessarily looks to a future objective. One commentator has observed that "[a]s projections into the future, conspiratorial intentions, and the objects they define, are by nature conditional." Note, Conditional Objectives of Conspiracies, 94 Yale L.J. 895, 899 (1985). In recognition of the indeterminacy of such forward-looking criminal agreements, we have stated that "inferences of the existence of such an agreement may be drawn 'if there be concert of action, all the parties working together understandingly, with a single design for the accomplishment of a common purpose.' " United States v. Melchor-Lopez, 627 F.2d 886, 890 (9th Cir.1980) (quoting United States v. Monroe, 552 F.2d 860, 862-63 (9th Cir.), cert. denied, 431 U.S. 972, 97 S.Ct. 2936, 53 L.Ed.2d 1069 (1977)). The evidence of Sharif and Rahman's concerted dealings satisfies that test.

The...