U.S. v. Stewart

• Citation: 411 F.3d 825
• Decision Date: 14 June 2005
• Docket Number: No. 03-2675.,03-2675.
• Parties: UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Patrick J. STEWART, Defendant-Appellant.
• Court: United States Courts of Appeals. United States Court of Appeals (7th Circuit)

411 F.3d 825

UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Patrick J. STEWART, Defendant-Appellant.

No. 03-2675.

United States Court of Appeals, Seventh Circuit.

Argued February 11, 2004.

Decided June 14, 2005.

Andrew B. Baker, David E. Hollar, Jr., Office of the United States Attorney, Hammond, IN, for Plaintiff-Appellee.

H. Jay Stevens (argued), South Bend, IN, for Defendant-Appellant.

Before EASTERBROOK, KANNE, and WILLIAMS, Circuit Judges.

KANNE, Circuit Judge.

A jury convicted Patrick J. Stewart of two counts of transmitting threatening communications. Stewart appeals his conviction, claiming that the jury instructions given by the district court on the elements of the offense were erroneous; he also appeals his sentence, asserting that the district court erred in its determination of his offense level and his criminal history category under the federal Sentencing Guidelines. For the reasons stated herein, we affirm Stewart's conviction and sentence.

I. History

In the late 1980s, Patrick Stewart participated in a union apprenticeship program in South Bend, Indiana. The union, Sheet Metal Workers Local 20, is an affiliate of the Sheet Metal Workers International Association ("International"), based in Washington, D.C. In 1990, before Stewart achieved journeyman status (which would have entitled him to a higher pay scale and the right to work under union contracts anywhere in the nation), he either resigned or was terminated from the program.¹ Disgruntled, Stewart launched an effort that spanned from 1990 through 2002 to become reinstated in the union and recover back wages. His crusade included a 1997 lawsuit that was dismissed. The bulk of Stewart's efforts, however, consisted of an extended series of phone calls to both Local 20 and, after 1998, to the International.

On August 27, 2002, an International receptionist answered a phone call from Stewart at approximately 4:30 P.M. Stewart asked to speak to the legal department, as he had often done previously. After the receptionist informed Stewart that the department personnel were gone for the day, Stewart asked if they would be in the office the next day. The receptionist replied in the affirmative. Stewart then said, "Well, good, because after tomorrow, the place will no longer exist," and stated that he would "blow it up." The next day, Stewart called twice. The first time, he was transferred to the legal secretary who apparently hung up. The second time, Stewart asked the receptionist to give the legal secretary a message. The receptionist testified: "He told me that he had said a prayer for her and that he called out to the living God before he was going to have someone kill her so that the Lord could have mercy on her."

Based on these phone calls in August 2002 (and not the earlier calls to Local 20 or others), a federal grand jury returned a two-count indictment on September 11, 2002, charging Stewart with knowingly transmitting in interstate commerce a communication containing a threat to injure the person of another. See 18 U.S.C. § 875(c) ("Whoever transmits in interstate or foreign commerce any communication containing any threat... to injure the person of another, shall be fined under this title or imprisoned not more than five years, or both."). The jury found Stewart guilty on both counts after a two-day trial.

Stewart continued to exhibit bizarre behavior after the trial. He testified at his sentencing hearing about his unqualified right to "communicate" with those whom he believes have wronged him and repeatedly referenced his "unresolved labor dispute." (Sent. Tr. at 108-09; Sent. Mem. at 5.) Stewart also allegedly sent a threatening letter to the occupants of his mother's former house one day after the verdict was returned in his trial.

Applying the 2003 version of the Sentencing Guidelines, the district court assigned 12 points for the base offense, U.S.S.G. § 2A6.1(a)(1), and added 2 points each for more than two threats, U.S.S.G. § 2A6.1(b)(2), and obstruction of justice, U.S.S.G. § 3C1.1, for a total of 16. The district judge departed upward 5 points based on the broad scope and large number of victims of Stewart's conduct prior to trial. The judge also departed upward from a Criminal History Category I to a Category IV based on Stewart's conduct during and after his trial. Based on Stewart's offense level of 21 and criminal history category of IV, the judge selected a 64-month sentence from the applicable range of 57 to 71 months. The jury instructions provided by the trial judge and the application of the Sentencing Guidelines after Stewart's conviction provide the basis for this appeal.

II. Analysis

A. Jury Instructions

Stewart alleges an error of law in the jury instructions, which we review de novo. United States v. Hausmann, 345 F.3d 952, 959 (7th Cir.2003), cert. denied, 541 U.S. 1072, 124 S.Ct. 2412, 158 L.Ed.2d 981 (2004). The district court presented the three elements of 18 U.S.C. § 875(c) as follows:

First, that the Defendant said or transmitted a communication in interstate commerce; second, the communication contained a threat to injure another person; and third, the Defendant did so knowingly.

(Tr. at 374 (emphasis added).) At trial, Stewart requested the district court to state the third element as: "The defendant did so knowingly and with the intent to threaten." Thus, Stewart asserts that the district court's alleged misstatement of the law constitutes reversible error.

Essentially, Stewart argues that § 875(c) should be read to incorporate a requirement that the defendant possess the "specific intent" to deliver a threat.² This contrasts with the district court's explanation of "knowingly," the mental state used in the jury instructions: "When the word knowingly is used in these instructions, it means that the Defendant realized what he was doing and was aware of the nature of his conduct and did not act through ignorance or mistake or accident." (Tr. at 375.) Thus, the jury did not have to find that Stewart purposefully intended his statements to be taken as threats in order to convict him.

Although we have not yet considered 18 U.S.C. § 875(c) in this context, our treatment of a similar statute, one that criminalizes threats sent through the mail, provides ample guidance to resolve this dispute. See 18 U.S.C. § 876(c).³ "[T]here are two essential elements to prove a violation of 18 U.S.C. § 876 (1) that the defendant wrote a letter addressed to a certain person containing a threat to injure the person of the addressee or of another, [and] (2) that the defendant knowingly caused the letter to be forwarded by the United States mail." United States v. Aman, 31 F.3d 550, 553 (7th Cir.1994) (quoting United States v. Khorrami, 895 F.2d 1186, 1191 (7th Cir.1990)).

Because statutes like 18 U.S.C. §§ 875 and 876 criminalize "pure speech," the Constitution demands that the speech involved constitute a "true threat" and not constitutionally protected speech. See Watts v. United States, 394 U.S. 705, 707, 89 S.Ct. 1399, 22 L.Ed.2d 664 (1969). To establish a "true threat," the government must prove that the statement came "in a context or under such circumstances wherein a reasonable person would foresee that the statement would be interpreted by those to whom the maker communicates a statement as a serious expression of an intention to inflict bodily harm upon or to take the life of [another individual]." Khorrami, 895 F.2d at 1192 (quoting United States v. Hoffman, 806 F.2d 703, 707 (7th Cir.1986)) (brackets in original). Whether the letter contains a "true threat" is an objective inquiry. Aman, 31 F.3d at 553. In other words, guilt is not dependent upon "what the defendant intended, but whether the recipient could reasonably have regarded the defendant's statement as a threat." Id. (quoting United States v. Schneider, 910 F.2d 1569, 1570 (7th Cir.1990)).

Stewart's appeal asks us to reverse course from this approach and hold that, in addition to uttering an objective "true threat," the defendant must also subjectively intend the statement to be a threat. In assessing this argument, we see no meaningful distinction between the text of 18 U.S.C. § 875(c) and the part of 18 U.S.C. § 876 relied on in Khorrami and Aman. True, § 876(c) explicitly includes the word "knowingly" ("Whoever knowingly so deposits or causes to be delivered") and § 875(c) is silent as to the appropriate mental state ("Whoever transmits"). But we do not see, and Stewart declines to argue, how this textual difference should lead to a more strenuous mens rea requirement for § 875(c).⁴

The district court's jury instructions accurately reflect the substance of the criminal elements of 18 U.S.C. § 875(c). Accord United States v. Whiffen, 121 F.3d 18, 21 (1st Cir.1997) ("This approach also protects listeners from statements that are reasonably interpreted as threats, even if the speaker lacks the subjective, specific intent to threaten, or, as would be more common, the government is unable to prove such specific intent which, by its nature, is difficult to demonstrate."); United States v. Darby, 37 F.3d 1059, 1066 (4th Cir.1994); United States v. DeAndino, 958 F.2d 146, 149-50 (6th Cir.1992).

B. Sentencing

Stewart also contested the district judge's application of the Sentencing Guidelines. Specifically, he alleged that the district court's upward departures for his offense level and criminal history category were in error.

After oral argument in this case, the Supreme Court held that mandatory application of the Guidelines is unconstitutional. United States v. Booker, ___ U.S. ___, ___, 125 S.Ct. 738, 756, 160 L.Ed.2d 621 (2005). As a remedy, the Court excised those statutory provisions making the Guidelines mandatory. They are now merely advisory; judges should use their discretion and may impose a sentence outside the Guideline range so long as it is "reasonable." See id. at 756, 765-66. Stewart did not argue that the...