U.S. v. Tavoularis

• Decision Date: 06 May 1975
• Docket Number: Nos. 911,934,D,913,s. 911
• Citation: 515 F.2d 1070
• Parties: UNITED STATES of America, Appellee, v. Anthony TAVOULARIS et al., Appellants. ocket 75-1027, 75-1028, 75-1032.
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — Second Circuit

Page 1070

515 F.2d 1070

UNITED STATES of America, Appellee, v. Anthony TAVOULARIS et al., Appellants.

Nos. 911, 913, 934, Docket 75-1027, 75-1028, 75-1032.

United States Court of Appeals, Second Circuit.

Argued April 18, 1975.

Decided May 6, 1975.

Joel A. Brenner, McCarthy, Dorfman & Brenner, Mineola, N. Y., Gustave H. Newman, New York City, of counsel, for appellant Tavoularis.

Stanley M. Meyer, Martin Light, Brooklyn, N. Y., of counsel, for appellant Poerio.

Sheila Ginsberg, William J. Gallagher, The Legal Aid Society, Federal Defender Services Unit, New York City, for appellant Daniels.

Alan J. Sobol, Atty., Dept. of Justice, Washington, D. C. (David G. Trager, U. S. Atty., E. D. N. Y., of counsel), for appellee.

Before KAUFMAN, Chief Judge, and LUMBARD and SMITH, Circuit Judges.

J. JOSEPH SMITH, Circuit Judge:

In October, 1969, personnel in the Custody Department of the Morgan Guaranty Trust Company of New York discovered that some $13,194,000 worth of United States Treasury bills had disappeared, presumably subsequent to their purchase by the bank's Bond Department but prior to their deposit in the vault. On March 4, 1970, government agents arrested Anthony Tavoularis, Joseph DiRienzo and Stuart Norman as they left Frank's Luncheonette on East New York Avenue in Brooklyn; stuffed inside Norman's shirt were nine Treasury bills with an aggregate face value of $2,600,000, subsequently identified by their serial numbers as among the bills missing from the Morgan bank. Tavoularis, Vincent Poerio and Louis Daniels were indicted ¹ by a grand jury in the United States District Court for the Eastern District of New York, and, after a jury trial before Judge Thomas C. Platt, were convicted of conspiracy to possess and possession of the bills, knowing them to have been stolen from a bank, in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 371 ² and 2113(c). ³ This appeal is primarily concerned with who knew what about how the bills got from the Morgan bank into Norman's shirt. We hold that the government failed to prove that these defendants knew enough to satisfy the knowledge requirement of § 2113(c), and accordingly we reverse the judgments of conviction and remand to the district court with directions to dismiss the indictment.

I. THE FACTS

The evidence, viewed in the light most favorable to the government, established, as the government accurately portrays it, a "thieves' market" in stolen bills. In late 1969, Daniels, manager of the Williams Bar on Fort Hamilton Parkway in Brooklyn, asked Norman, who had a vending machine business, if he knew where to get rid of stolen securities. Norman said no, but not long thereafter Melvin Berman, who worked in another bar and was in debt to Norman, asked Norman if he knew of "a good shot at maybe making some money." Tr. 594. ⁴ Recalling Daniels' offer, Norman took Berman to Daniels' apartment. While Berman waited downstairs, Norman asked Daniels if the securities were still available. Daniels made a telephone call and reported that $3 million worth would be available, and that they were Treasury notes rather than securities. ⁵ Norman reported this to Berman, who asked for a sample. Thus, at a later date the two returned to Daniels' apartment. Again Berman waited downstairs. This time, Poerio was with Daniels, and Norman told him that Berman was the one who would be getting rid of the bills. Poerio went downstairs and told Berman that only.$2.7 million would be available. An arrangement was made for Berman to receive a sample. Late in February, 1970, Norman met Poerio and Daniels in a bar; Poerio gave Norman a sample bill, and Norman took it to Berman's apartment. After he got there, Tavoularis arrived and conferred with Berman. Norman left the sample bill with them that night. The next day, he and Berman went to a house and picked up the sample, and Norman returned it to Daniels.

In the meantime, Tavoularis had approached DiRienzo and asked if he could get rid of some Treasury bills. DiRienzo said that a fence in Cedarhurst named Murray might be interested. DiRienzo had never met Murray and, although he did not contact him regarding Tavoularis' proposal, he told Tavoularis that Murray would pay eleven to twelve points (that is, eleven to twelve per cent of face value), but wanted to see a copy of the bills. ⁶ DiRienzo and Tavoularis went to an apartment in Howard Beach with the name "Berman" on the outside; Tavoularis went in and returned with the sample, giving it to DiRienzo who was supposed to take it to Murray in Cedarhurst. Instead, DiRienzo took it home and copied the serial number. He subsequently returned it to Tavoularis, advising him that Murray would pay twelve points if the bills were delivered by noon on Tuesday, March 3. On Monday, March 2, DiRienzo called federal authorities, who commenced surveillance.

On Tuesday, DiRienzo, Tavoularis and one Arnie went to Berman's apartment to pick up the bills. They were unavailable. DiRienzo complained, and Tavoularis assured him that he would have the bills the next day. That evening, however, Norman picked up the package of bills from Poerio and Daniels in a bar on Cross Bay Boulevard, went to Berman's and counted them, and then proceeded to Tom's Bar in East New York for a meeting with Tavoularis and DiRienzo, hoping to make the transfer to DiRienzo's buyer that night. But DiRienzo, taken by surprise, was unable to reach the Secret Service, and told Norman and Tavoularis that Murray couldn't make it that night. Norman returned to Poerio and Daniels at the Cross Bay Boulevard bar to report; Poerio made a telephone call to find out if he could hold the bills until the next morning. He was given the green light, and it was agreed that Norman would meet Daniels and Poerio in the morning in a diner on Atlantic Avenue.

At 8:00 a. m. the next day, Wednesday, March 4, the three met. Daniels and Poerio gave the package of bills to Norman, who went to Frank's Luncheonette to meet Tavoularis and DiRienzo, carrying the package inside his shirt. At the luncheonette, Norman and DiRienzo went into the bathroom while Tavoularis stood outside. DiRienzo examined the bills and returned them to Norman, who put them back in his shirt. All three then left the luncheonette; as they approached Tavoularis' car, ostensibly to go to Cedarhurst to see Murray, DiRienzo gave a pre-arranged signal and they were all arrested.

The government's case thus presented a picture of an ever-lengthening chain of middlemen looking for a buyer. The chain started with the unexplained disappearance of the bills from the Morgan bank. There is no evidence whatever that any of the defendants took part in what was apparently an inside job, nor is there any indication of how many links removed from the bank the defendants were. The government's evidence loses sight of the chain after the bills' disappearance from the Morgan bank and picks it up with Poerio. He apparently was closer in line to the thief than the other defendants because he made contact with a prior possessor of the bills on the evening of Tuesday, March 3, to see if he could keep them until the next day. Daniels, apparently, was the next link; he was closest to Poerio. The search for a buyer then went from Daniels to Norman to Berman to Tavoularis to DiRienzo, and ended when DiRienzo, instead of going to Murray in Cedarhurst, went to the authorities.

II. SUFFICIENCY OF THE EVIDENCE

The construction of 18 U.S.C. § 2113(c) is not seriously in issue here. ⁷ It is clearly an essential element of a crime under that statute that the defendant had knowledge that the property he possessed was stolen from a bank. The question, rather, is whether there was sufficient evidence in this case for the jury to find the requisite knowledge beyond a reasonable doubt.

As a preliminary matter, we dispose of a point not specifically mentioned by the government here, but on which the district court relied in denying defendants' motions to dismiss the indictment at the conclusion of the government's case. The district court apparently held that, if any one defendant had the requisite knowledge, it could be imputed to the other defendants for purposes of the conspiracy count. Tr. 679-80. This is an erroneous statement of legal principle. Where a substantive offense requires specific knowledge, that same knowledge must be established before a defendant can be found to be a member of a conspiracy to commit that offense. United States v. Hysohion, 448 F.2d 343, 347 (2d Cir. 1971). This applies equally to an aider and abettor ⁸ as to a conspirator, and the requisite knowledge cannot be imputed from one aider and abettor or conspirator to another. United States v. Steward, 451 F.2d 1203, 1207 (2d Cir. 1971). ⁹ Therefore, if there was insufficient evidence of knowledge on the substantive count, the conviction on the conspiracy count is equally defective.

It is undisputed that, while the evidence tending to prove that the defendants knew the bills were stolen was overwhelming, there was no direct evidence that they knew they were stolen from a bank. However, placing primary reliance on Crone v. United States, 411 F.2d 251 (5th Cir.), cert. denied,396 U.S. 896, 90 S.Ct. 195, 24 L.Ed.2d 173 (1969), the government contends, and the district court held, that such knowledge may be inferred from the unexplained possession of property recently stolen from the bank. In Crone, the court adopted a theory of multiple inferences, holding that unexplained possession of recently stolen goods gives rise to an inference of knowledge that the goods were stolen and also to an inference of participation in the theft, and that one who participated in the theft ipso facto has knowledge of where the goods were stolen from. 411 F.2d at 254. We have no occasion here to decide whether, in the abstract, the inference of participation in the theft from unexplained possession of recently stolen goods comports with due process requirements, ¹⁰ compare, ...