U.S. v. Telink, Inc., 89-50063

• Decision Date: 06 August 1990
• Docket Number: No. 89-50063,89-50063
• Citation: 910 F.2d 598
• Parties: UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. TELINK, INCORPORATED, Defendant, and Bobby Hendrix; James Linder; Donald Woodaman; Abraham Stein; Hilario Gonzales; Robert Palmer; Henry L. Richter; Bernard Campbell; Robert Schreiber; Michael Sage, Defendants-Appellees.
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — Ninth Circuit

Page 598

910 F.2d 598

UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. TELINK, INCORPORATED, Defendant and Bobby Hendrix; James Linder; Donald Woodaman; Abraham Stein; Hilario Gonzales; Robert Palmer; Henry L. Richter; Bernard Campbell; Robert Schreiber; Michael Sage Defendants-Appellees.

No. 89-50063.

United States Court of Appeals Ninth Circuit.

Argued and Submitted Dec. 8, 1989.

Decided Aug. 6, 1990.

Lantz Lewis, Sp. Asst. U.S. Atty., San Diego, Cal., for plaintiff-appellant.

Christopher J. Schatz, Lightner & Castro, San Diego, Cal., for defendants-appellees.

Appeal from the United States District Court for the Southern District of California.

Before GOODWIN, Chief Judge, and SCHROEDER and O'SCANNLAIN, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:

We affirm the district court's order dismissing the indictment in this case.

I

On October 26, 1984, a Federal Grand Jury for the Southern District of California returned Criminal Indictment No. 84-0958. It alleged that defendants had violated numerous provisions of the United States Code, particularly through their actions in connection with the County of San Diego's awarding of certain telephone contracts. After some defendants pleaded guilty, trial commenced on March 19, 1987 on a redacted indictment alleging that defendants had engaged in a mail fraud scheme against the County of San Diego in contravention of 18 U.S.C. Sec. 1341.

While the trial was in progress, on June 24, 1987, the Supreme Court handed down its decision in McNally v. United States, 483 U.S. 350, 107 S.Ct. 2875, 97 L.Ed.2d 292 (1987), a landmark case in which the Court attempted to clarify the reach of the mail and wire fraud statutes. Based on McNally, defendants in the instant case moved to dismiss the indictment; the district court denied the motions. On July 28, 1987, after seventeen weeks of trial, the court declared a mistrial, citing the "evidentiary chaos" created by McNally. Subsequent to the mistrial, the parties presented argument to the court regarding the sufficiency of the indictment in light of McNally. On March 24, 1988, the district court ruled that the indictment alleged a scheme to deprive the County of San Diego of certain property rights and thus survived McNally.

The defendants moved for reconsideration of the district court's ruling on May 25, 1988. On October 6, 1988, the district court found that the indictment failed to allege that the County of San Diego suffered a loss of money or property as a result of the alleged mail fraud scheme; that under McNally such a loss is an essential element of mail fraud; and that in the absence of such an allegation the court had no jurisdiction to proceed. The court thereafter dismissed the indictment. On October 21, 1988, the government moved for reconsideration of the dismissal order. After a hearing, the district court on December 12, 1988 filed a Memorandum Decision and Order denying the government's motion for reconsideration of dismissal of the indictment. See United States v. Telink, Inc., 702 F.Supp. 805 (S.D.Cal.1988).

We have jurisdiction over the United States' timely appeal. See 18 U.S.C. Sec. 3731 (1988); 28 U.S.C. Sec. 1291 (1988).

II

We first address the district court's dismissal of the indictment on the ground that it failed to allege that the defendants' scheme had actually resulted in loss to the County.

The mail fraud statute provides in pertinent part that it shall be illegal to "devise[ ] or intend[ ] to devise any scheme or artifice to defraud or for obtaining money or property by means of false or fraudulent pretenses, representations, or promises," at least when the mails are used in conjunction therewith. 18 U.S.C. Sec. 1341 (1988). In McNally, the Supreme Court held that this statute does not reach " 'schemes to defraud citizens of their intangible rights to honest and impartial government.' " Carpenter v. United States, 484 U.S. 19, 25, 108 S.Ct. 316, 320, 98 L.Ed.2d 275 (1987) (quoting McNally, 483 U.S. at 355, 107 S.Ct. at 2878-79). The Court emphasized that the mail fraud statute is " 'limited in scope to the protection of property rights.' " Id. (quoting McNally, 483 U.S. at 360, 107 S.Ct. at 2881).

The district court here held that, after McNally, "a loss of money or property is now a necessary element of a mail fraud charge." Telink, Inc., 702 F.Supp. at 808. We agree with the government that this holding was incorrect; indeed, we have already had occasion specifically to reject this assessment of McNally. In United States v. Oren, 893 F.2d 1057 (9th Cir.1990), we held that "[t]here is nothing in McNally to support [the] argument that the case requires 'an actual loss, not just a plan or scheme.' " Id. at 1061; accord United States v. Utz, 886 F.2d 1148, 1149-50 (9th Cir.1989) (rejecting a reading of McNally which provided that "a scheme to defraud must succeed before it can form the basis of a mail fraud prosecution"), cert. denied, --- U.S. ----, 110 S.Ct. 3242, 111 L.Ed.2d 753 (1990). McNally added no new requirement that a scheme to defraud must be successful for a mail fraud prosecution to lie.

Oren and Utz are squarely on point: the contribution of McNally was definitional, not elemental. Dismissal of the indictment cannot be grounded on failure to allege an actual loss of property.

III

Appellees alternatively contend that the Telink indictment did not allege a scheme to defraud the County of property within the meaning of McNally. They further argue that, even if the indictment did allege such a scheme, the indictment is flawed because it is pervaded with the notion, discredited by McNally, that the right to honest and impartial government is a property right for purposes of mail fraud. We agree with appellees that the indictment was properly dismissed. ¹

As discussed above, the mail fraud statute proscribes certain schemes to defraud. The grand jury in the instant case described the allegedly criminal scheme as follows:

The Scheme

2. Beginning on a date unknown to the grand jury and continuing up to in or about January 1983, within the Southern District of California, and elsewhere, defendants TELINK, BURNUP, HENDRIX, LINDER, WOODAMAN, ST. PIERRE, A.H. STEIN, GONZALES, PALMER, RICHTER, CAMPBELL, SCHREIBER, SAGE and D. STEIN, along with others, both known and unknown to the grand jury, knowingly and willfully devised and intended to devise a scheme and artifice to defraud and obtain money and property and deprive governmental entities of the honest and faithful service of employees, agents and consultants by means of false and fraudulent representations in connection with the sale of telecommunications equipment and consulting services in that defendants made and caused to be made false statements and concealed material facts about the relationship between consultants and telecommunication equipment vendors.

Indictment at 70-71 (Oct. 26, 1984) (emphasis added).

The government argues that the indictment alleges that the defendants committed mail fraud in a variety of different ways. It concedes that the indictment charges the defendants with the non-offense (at least under the mail fraud statute construed by McNally ) of engaging in a scheme to deprive governmental entities of the honest and faithful services of employees, agents, and consultants. The government contends, however, that the indictment also alleges that the defendants engaged in mail fraud by scheming to deprive the County of property in the forms of (1) confidential business information, (2) control over how its money was spent, and (3) the benefit of a bargain.

The government's argument on this point, however, constitutes a post-hoc (i.e., post-McNally) rationalization for a flawed indictment. "The indictment is permeated with pre-McNally 'right to honest services' theory." United States v. Soriano, 880 F.2d 192, 197 (9th Cir.1989). The indictment is silent on the three property interests which the government now discusses at length. Just as "[t]he Government cannot sustain [a] conviction on a theory different from that charged by the grand jury," United States v. Mitchell, 867 F.2d 1232, 1234 (9th Cir.1989) (emphasis...