U.S. v. Tiler, 1104
| Decision Date | 18 June 1979 |
| Docket Number | D,No. 1104,1104 |
| Citation | 602 F.2d 30 |
| Parties | UNITED STATES of America, Appellee, v. Tom E. TILER, Roy Y. Sakai and Ty-Sak Agencies, Ltd., Appellants. ocket 79-1125. |
| Court | U.S. Court of Appeals — Second Circuit |
H. Kenneth Schroeder, Jr., Buffalo, N.Y. (Hodgson, Russ, Andrews, Woods & Goodyear, Buffalo, N.Y., Michael A. Brady, of counsel), for appellants.
Kenneth A. Cohen, Asst. U. S. Atty., Buffalo, N.Y. (Richard J. Arcara, U. S. Atty., W. D. of New York, Buffalo, N.Y., of counsel), for appellee.
Before FRIENDLY, FEINBERG, Circuit Judges, and NEAHER, District Judge. *
Appellants Tom E. Tiler and Roy Y. Sakai attack the legality of sentences imposed upon them by Judge John T. Elfvin in the United States District Court for the Western District of New York, after appellants pleaded guilty to one count of conspiring to defraud the United States in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 371 by evading import duties. The judge sentenced each appellant to one year in the custody of the Attorney General and a $10,000 fine. Imposition of such custody was suspended and appellants were placed on probation for three years with the condition that appellants deposit $100,000 with the clerk of the court as reparations to the government for duties evaded. It is this latter condition of their sentences that appellants Tiler and Sakai challenge and seek to have stricken. Alternatively, they seek to withdraw their guilty pleas. 1 We affirm the refusal of the district court to change appellants' sentences as well as the denial of their motion to withdraw the guilty pleas.
Appellants Tiler and Sakai, and their corporate entity, appellant Ty-Sak Agencies, Ltd., were, and apparently still are, in the business of importing certain goods manufactured in Japan into this country through Canada. In particular, during the relevant period as defined in the indictment, appellants imported woven polyethylene sheeting with the aid of Takashima & Co., Ltd., a Japanese trading house. Polyethylene sheeting consists of a woven or knit fabric, which is then coated or filled with rubber or plastic material. The rate of import duty varies considerably, according to the indictment, depending on the ratio by weight of the coating to the fabric. Specifically, under the regulations in effect at the relevant times, if the coating was over 70 percent of the sheeting by weight, the duty was 7 percent ad valorem. If less than 70 percent, the duty was 15 cents per pound plus 18 percent ad valorem.
Appellants were charged in a thirteen-count indictment. The lengthy and detailed first count alleged a conspiracy to misrepresent "the qualities of imported polyethylene sheeting" in order to pay the lighter duty, and specified as overt acts, among other things, the avoidance of a total of about $523,000 in import duties over the course of about six years. The next six counts charged knowing effectuation of entry of goods at an improperly low tariff in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 541, with a total of about $67,000 in illegally avoided import duties. The last six counts charged introduction of goods into the United States by fraud in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 542. Takashima, the Japanese trading house involved, was not charged, but had settled all civil and criminal liability in exchange for a payment of $100,000 to the Government.
On or about the date set for trial, June 27, 1978, appellants' attorney and the government reached a tentative plea agreement whereby appellants would plead guilty to the conspiracy count, no incarceration would be imposed, and the government would move to dismiss the remaining counts in the indictment. The agreement was proffered to Judge Elfvin on that day, who indicated that he would decide whether to accept it after reviewing a presentence report not as yet prepared. The judge conducted the preliminary allocution at that time, and did accept the guilty plea of the corporation only, since the presentence report could have no bearing on it. The judge postponed to July 31 consideration of whether to accept the guilty pleas of the individual appellants.
By July 31, the judge had reviewed the presentence report, and at that time indicated that the provision of no incarceration, as well as the balance of the agreement, was acceptable to him. However, he raised, apparently for the first time, the idea of imposing "a special condition of . . . probation . . . that the defendant should make reparations or restitution to any party who was actually damaged or experienced any loss . . . on account of the particular crime for which the individual had been convicted by trial or plea . . . ." In that regard, the judge observed "that there is a limitation upon that, namely that any such loss . . . would have to be . . . actually determined by your . . . acquiescences in the amount or by . . . judicial or semi-judicial determination . . .." The judge then noted, "That is a ceiling or a limitation on my power to impose reparations or restitutions as part of any probation." The proceedings were then adjourned until August 7 in order to give appellants' attorney a chance to analyze the legality of the new condition, and to reassess whether appellants should plead guilty.
On August 7, prior to the taking of the pleas, the judge referred again to the restitutionary condition of probation, reiterating that the maximum he could impose would be the total damages to the United States government on account of the crime to which appellants pleaded guilty, that within that limit he could "impose some shorter or less tall ceiling," and that in any event such liability could only be imposed to the extent that the government's actual damages exceeded $100,000, the amount of the Takashima settlement. Appellants' attorney argued that any condition for restitution from appellants be limited to $100,000, referring to the amount of the Takashima settlement. The judge characterized the argument as one for leniency, and made it clear that he thought he had the power to impose an obligation to make restitution in an amount equal to the total loss to the government, reduced by the $100,000 received from Takashima, even if that actual loss far exceeded $200,000. There was also an outline by the government attorney of the procedure the government would follow in establishing its loss or damages, which would clearly take a considerable period of time.
The judge then accepted the pleas of guilty from Tiler and Sakai. They were then each sentenced to a fine of $10,000, a suspended term of a year in the custody of the Attorney General, and probation for a period of three years, with "two special conditions of that probation": first, that the fines be paid not later than January 1, 1979, and second, that appellants make reparations to the government for actual damages in excess of $100,000 caused by the offense described in Count I to which they pleaded guilty, which was to be a joint liability, "and that the amount thereof for which the two of you would jointly be liable would not exceed the sum of one hundred thousand dollars and that that sum of one hundred thousand dollars shall be paid to and deposited not later than January 1, 1979 with the Clerk of this Court . . . ." It was further made clear that the judge "contemplated the regular processes of the Customs Service" for determining the sums due either by "acquiescence" by defendants or by judicial or quasi-judicial determination, that should the amount of damages ultimately assessed be less than $200,000, the difference would be refunded to appellants, 2 and that if the damages were still not determined by January 1, 1981, the $100,000 would be returned to appellants.
Sometime following imposition of sentence, the United States Customs Service assessed damages and penalties in excess of $2,500,000 against appellants. On December 4, 1978, appellants moved under Fed.R.Crim.P. 35 to correct the sentences or in the alternative to reduce the amount of restitution required. Argument on the motion was adjourned pending settlement discussions with the government. The judge met with counsel on December 18, and on December 19 filed amended judgments of conviction and probation orders requiring the fines and restitution to be paid by January 19, 1979, rather than by January 1. On January 15, appellants moved to vacate the guilty pleas under Fed.R.Crim.P. 32(d), and requested the court to allow appellants to plead not guilty. The judge heard argument on the motions that day, and on February 22 denied them in a memorandum opinion.
On this appeal, appellants launch a multi-faceted, and somewhat inconsistent, attack on the guilty pleas and sentences. They argue that the district court was without power to impose the restitutionary condition on a plea of guilty for conspiracy and thus the condition is totally invalid; that, if the condition is not totally invalid, it acts as an outer limit on appellants' liability for damages and penalties in the pending customs proceedings; and that, if it does not have that effect, appellants are entitled to withdraw their guilty pleas because they understood that the condition, in whatever amount, would limit the government's civil claim for damages and penalties.
We first address appellants' arguments regarding the district court's power to impose the restitutionary condition on probation. 18 U.S.C. § 3651, which governs suspension of sentence and probation, provides generally that probation may be "for such period and upon such terms and conditions as the court deems best." In addition, a restitutionary condition is specifically contemplated as follows:
While on probation and among the conditions thereof, the defendant
May be required to make restitution or reparation to aggrieved parties for actual damages or loss caused by the offense for which conviction was had
The well-settled construction of this language is that restitution...
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