U.S. v. Tilton

• Decision Date: 21 April 1976
• Docket Number: 75-2244,Nos. 75-1916,s. 75-1916
• Citation: 534 F.2d 1363
• Parties: UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Ronald Joe TILTON, Defendant-Appellant. UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Bobbie Joe TILTON, Defendant-Appellant.
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — Ninth Circuit

Page 1363

534 F.2d 1363

UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Ronald Joe TILTON, Defendant-Appellant.

UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Bobbie Joe TILTON, Defendant-Appellant.

Nos. 75-1916, 75-2244.

United States Court of Appeals,

Ninth Circuit.

April 21, 1976.

As Amended on Denial of Rehearing June 2, 1976.

James M. McCabe, San Diego, Cal., for defendant-appellant in No. 75-1916.

Clarence Bender of Marsh, Graves & Bender, El Cajon, Cal., for defendant-appellant in No. 75-2244.

James W. Meyers, Asst. U. S. Atty., San Diego, Cal., for plaintiff-appellee.

OPINION

Before WALLACE and SNEED, Circuit Judges, and CRARY, ^* District Judge

WALLACE, Circuit Judge:

The Tiltons appeal their convictions of conspiracy to possess marijuana with intent to distribute in violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 841(a)(1) and 846. The question before us concerns the legality of a search of a boat as it was removed from an ocean-connected bay. We remand.

On June 1, 1974, at the Shelter Island boat launching area in San Diego Bay, three persons were observed by a Customs Patrol officer towing a 23-foot Slickcraft boat and trailer with a pickup truck. They launched the boat about 3:00 p. m. The pickup, with only one occupant, and trailer were later seen leaving Shelter Island and were followed approximately six miles.

The Customs Patrol officer's attention had earlier been drawn to this particular boat because it was a very fast ocean-going motorboat capable of overnight trips to Mexico and of a type commonly used for smuggling. The agents had received a report that a boat of the same type had been seen heading north in Mexican waters at night but that it had evaded the observers' attempts to get close enough for an identification. The agents had learned that a slip was rented for the boat in the Shelter Cove Marina in San Diego Bay where it was usually kept, but on several occasions it was observed being towed on public highways.

The next day, on June 2, the Customs Patrol officer was on duty near the same public boat launching ramp. His attention was drawn to a pickup truck and boat trailer which appeared to be the same ones he had observed the day before. About 10:00 a. m. he and an off-duty Customs Patrol officer, who happened to be in the area, saw a 23-foot Slickcraft boat approach the ramp and be loaded on the trailer. The Tiltons were aboard. Instead of parking the boat in its slip at the marina, the Tiltons loaded it on its trailer for transportation. As soon as it was pulled off the ramp and into a nearby parking area, the agents searched the boat and discovered 880 pounds of marijuana.

The sole issue presented in this appeal is whether the fruits of the search of the Tiltons' boat should have been suppressed by the trial court. Neither party argues that there was probable cause for the search. Instead, the government contends that it did not need probable cause because this was a customs search.

The government argues that customs agents are given authority to conduct searches such as the one involved here by 19 U.S.C. § 1581(a) which provides: "Any officer of the customs may at any time go on board of any vessel or vehicle at any place in the United States or within the customs waters . . . and examine the manifest and other documents and papers and examine, inspect, and search the vessel or vehicle . . . ." It is true that the statute grants broad authority for customs searches. However, "no Act of Congress can authorize a violation of the Constitution." Almeida-Sanchez v. United States, 413 U.S. 266, 272, 93 S.Ct. 2535, 2539, 37 L.Ed.2d 596, 602 (1973). Therefore, we must inquire whether the customs agents' exercise of their authority in this case was consistent with the Fourth Amendment's prohibition of unreasonable searches and seizures.

One well-recognized exception to the Fourth Amendment's requirement of probable cause is a search at an international boundary of persons and vehicles coming into the United States. Id. The Tiltons note, on the other hand, that a search of a vehicle lawfully within the United States must be based on probable cause. See Carroll v. United States, 267 U.S. 132, 154, 45 S.Ct. 280, 285, 69 L.Ed. 543, 551 (1925). Tiltons argue that since their boat was well within United States territory at the time of the search in this case, ¹ the search cannot be justified as a border search.

The answer to this argument is that border searches may be conducted not only at the border itself, but also at its functional equivalents even though they are well within our country's territory. See Almeida-Sanchez,supra, 413 U.S. at 272-73, 93 S.Ct. at 2539, 37 L.Ed.2d at 602; United States v. Solmes, 527 F.2d 1370 (9th Cir. 1975). Just as it is not practical to set up fixed checkpoints at the boundaries of United States airspace and require all incoming aircraft to stop and be subject to customs searches, see Almeida-Sanchez, supra, 413 U.S. at 273, 93 S.Ct. at 2539, 37 L.Ed.2d at 603, for obvious reasons, it is not practical to set up checkpoints at the outer perimeters of the territorial waters. Nor is it likely that incoming vessels will pick up or discharge passengers or cargo between their points of entry into territorial waters and their anchorages at United States ports. Thus, in United States v. Solmes, supra, we held that with respect to vessels coming from outside the territory of the United States, a vessel's anchorage in a domestic port is the functional equivalent of the border. 527 F.2d at 1372. For the same reasons that a search by Border Patrol officers is valid at a functional equivalent of a border, we hold that a customs search pursuant to section 1581(a) of such a vessel at such a place can be valid under the Fourth Amendment as a border search. ²

This case, however, cannot be affirmed solely on the authority of Solmes. There "the trial judge found that the boat had recently sailed from Mexican waters." Id. at 1372. The district judge did not make such a finding in this case but he did state: "I'm not saying they don't have Fourth Amendment rights, but they don't have Fourth Amendment rights as far as their boats that they take out into the ocean and come back in." We cannot fault the trial judge for not making a finding whether the boat came from foreign waters; he did not have the benefit of our decision in Solmes. It is apparent, however, that the district judge's assumptions concerning the permissible scope of section 1581(a) customs searches went beyond the rule announced in Solmes. A trip from the bay into the ocean and back need not include passage beyond the limits of the territorial waters, and a search at the return anchorage of such a boat would therefore not pass muster under Solmes as a search at the functional equivalent of the border. Thus, if the search is to be justified under the rule announced in Solmes, a remand for a post-conviction hearing on whether the boat came from foreign or international waters is necessary.

Nor do we believe the convictions of the Tiltons can be affirmed on the basis assigned by the district judge. He apparently concluded that section 1581(a) was constitutional and justified the search in this case as a customs search regardless of whether the boat came from foreign or international waters. In defense of that ruling, the government argues that effective enforcement of the customs laws requires that all vessels, whether or not there is any reason to believe that they have been in international waters, should be subject to search. There is some question whether 19 U.S.C. § 1581(a), on which the government relies for this authority, has ever been construed this broadly.

In Fish v. Brophy, 52 F.2d 198, 201 (S.D.N.Y.1931), the court held that the statute did not authorize the search of a pleasure boat where there were no facts which would lead agents to believe that the boat was carrying cargo from a foreign port. The continuing vitality of that decision must be questioned, however, in the light of dicta in The Atlantic, 68 F.2d 8, 9-10 (2d Cir. 1933), to the effect that searches of commercial and pleasure craft alike under the authority of 19 U.S.C. § 1581 are valid under the Fourth Amendment, apparently even without any indication that the vessel has been outside territorial waters. The Atlantic actually held, however, only that a stop for the limited purpose of inspecting a vessel's license under the authority of 46 U.S.C. § 277 was valid. Probable cause for the subsequent search arose when the odor of the contraband was detected by the officers. Id. at 10-11; see also The Pueblos, 77 F.2d 618, 620 (2d Cir. 1935); United States v. Wischerth, 68 F.2d 161 (2d Cir. 1933).

Even if these cases could be read as approving the broad authority sought by the government, they would have to be reconsidered in...