U.S. v. Trevino, 77-5287

• Decision Date: 10 January 1978
• Docket Number: No. 77-5287,77-5287
• Citation: 565 F.2d 1317
• Parties: 2 Fed. R. Evid. Serv. 897 UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Roel Angel TREVINO, Defendant-Appellant. Summary Calendar. *
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — Fifth Circuit

Page 1317

565 F.2d 1317

2 Fed. R. Evid. Serv. 897

UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Roel Angel TREVINO, Defendant-Appellant.

No. 77-5287

Summary Calendar. ^*

United States Court of Appeals Fifth Circuit.

Jan. 10, 1978.

Kenneth L. Yarbrough, Corpus Christi, for defendant-appellant.

J. A. Canales, U. S. Atty., Mary L. Sinderson, James R. Gough, George A. Kelt, Jr., Asst. U. S. Attys., Houston, Tex., for plaintiff-appellee.

Appeal from the United States District Court for the Southern District of Texas.

Before THORNBERRY, RONEY and HILL, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:

Appellant Trevino was charged with conspiring to possess marijuana with intent to distribute in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 846. Five other persons were indicted as coconspirators, ¹ and one of them, Garza, was the key government witness at Trevino's trial. In exchange for his testimony, Garza was dismissed as a defendant in this and another case, and, apparently as part of the bargain, he pled guilty in a third case.

Trevino was convicted by a jury and sentenced to five years imprisonment, with a special parole term of five years. He raises two issues on appeal: (1) admissibility of evidence of extraneous offenses, and (2) alleged prejudice stemming from the trial court's instruction to the jury on Trevino's right to remain silent. We affirm.

Garza's testimony was critical in obtaining Trevino's conviction. Although D.E.A. agents had kept the other coconspirators under surveillance and had caught them red-handed, they had observed Trevino only in an incidental manner, when four of the coconspirators stopped at an automotive shop owned by Trevino. Garza testified that he had spoken by telephone with Trevino and coconspirator Alvarez about the marijuana shipment that was subsequently foiled by the D.E.A. agents, that Trevino and Alvarez were in the deal together, and that Trevino had sent a trailer to Garza to be loaded with marijuana.

The defense theory clearly was that Trevino was not involved in the marijuana transaction and that he had spoken with Garza only about the purchase of an irrigation pump. ² Garza admitted on cross-examination that he had discussed the pump in phone conversations with Trevino. The government then sought to introduce evidence of Trevino's participation with Garza and Alvarez in previous marijuana transactions. The trial court admitted the evidence, which consisted solely of testimony from Garza. According to Garza, Trevino had induced him to sell marijuana to Alvarez. Garza said he supplied the marijuana to Trevino, who then resold it to Alvarez at a higher price. Alvarez apparently wanted to deal directly with Garza, but Garza claimed to have rejected such an arrangement.

Trevino complains that admission of this evidence is contrary to Rule 404(b), Fed.R.Evid., and decisions of this court regarding extraneous offenses. ³ He first argues that the trial court failed to examine the evidence to determine if it was "clear and convincing" before allowing it to go to the jury. In United States v. Broadway, 477 F.2d 991 (5th Cir. 1973), we stated that the trial court should conduct such an independent examination. His failure to do so is not reversible error, however, for this court will make such a determination on appeal.

We conclude that the standard is met here. The fact that Garza was an accomplice with a grant of immunity whose testimony was uncorroborated is not dispositive. Because such testimony is sufficient to support a conviction, e. g., United States v. Stanley, 433 F.2d 637 (5th Cir. 1970); Tillery v. United States, 411 F.2d 644 (5th Cir. 1969), it is sufficient for purposes of the "clear and convincing" rule. See United States v. Brunson,549 F.2d 348 (5th Cir. 1977) (some corroborating details present); United States v. Crockett, 534 F.2d 589 (5th Cir. 1976) (alternative holding). Moreover, the trial court gave an appropriate cautionary instruction regarding uncorroborated accomplice testimony. See Tillery v. United States, supra.

Trevino also argues that there was no substantial need for the probative value of the evidence provided by the prior offense. This argument is plainly without merit. First, the existence of a plan was a material issue at the trial, and Garza's testimony regarding the prior offense helped establish the total picture. Second, and more significantly, the prior offense evidence was crucial in establishing Trevino's intent. The government had a substantial need for the evidence in order to contradict the defense theory that the telephone calls were innocuous in nature and dealt only with the purchase of a pump. See United States v. Brunson, supra, 549 F.2d at 361 (prior offense necessary to contradict defendant's claim that he was ignorant of the crime charged).

Finally, Trevino contends that the extraneous offense and the charged offense were not sufficiently similar, pointing out that he was allegedly a "middleman" in the former scheme but did not perform that function in the deal that led to the present case. We find this distinction meaningless, for both acts constitute the same basic offense, i. e., a drug conspiracy. Where, as here, the play has remained the same but the actors have exchanged roles, there is no need to drop the curtain of inadmissibility. ⁴ We thus conclude that the trial court did not abuse his broad discretion in admitting this evidence.

Trevino also argues that the trial court, via an instruction to the jury, impermissibly commented on his failure to testify in his own behalf. In questioning Garza, the first witness, the government's attorney established that Garza had been previously convicted on marijuana charges in Maryland and that he had not taken the stand at his trial. Defense counsel objected to the questions and answers on the ground that they were comments on whether Trevino would testify later in the proceedings. Counsel then asked the court to instruct the jury not to consider the exchange for any purpose and moved for a mistrial. The court denied the motion but gave this instruction:

(A)s far as the law is concerned, the defendant in any case no matter where it is in the United States does not have to testify. He cannot be required in any way to incriminate himself and the fact that he does take that position is no evidence of any kind at all and you are not to consider it in any circumstance. . . .

First, we note that the questions asked by the government's attorney were not improper comments on Trevino's subsequent assertion of...