U.S.A v. Tutty

• Citation: 612 F.3d 128
• Decision Date: 16 July 2010
• Docket Number: Docket No. 09-2705-cr.
• Parties: UNITED STATES of America, Appellee,v.Jason E. TUTTY, Defendant-Appellant.
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — Second Circuit

612 F.3d 128

UNITED STATES of America, Appellee,v.Jason E. TUTTY, Defendant-Appellant.

Docket No. 09-2705-cr.

United States Court of Appeals, Second Circuit.

Argued: June 14, 2010.

Decided: July 16, 2010.

Jay S. Ovsiovitch (Robert G. Smith, Assistant Federal Public Defender for the Western District of New York, on the brief), Rochester, New York, for Defendant-Appellant.

Joseph J. Karaszewski, Assistant United States Attorney (William J. Hochul, Jr., United States Attorney for the Western District of New York, on the brief), Buffalo, New York, for Appellee.

Before CALABRESI, POOLER, and CHIN, Circuit Judges.

CHIN, Circuit Judge:

Defendant-appellant Jason E. Tutty pleaded guilty to one count of receiving child pornography in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2252A(a)(2)(A). He was sentenced by the United States District Court for the Western District of New York (Siragusa J.) to 168 months' imprisonment. On appeal, Tutty challenges the substantive reasonableness of his sentence. Upon review of the record, we conclude that the district court erred when it held, relying on outdated law, that it did not have the authority to impose a non-Guideline sentence based on policy considerations applicable to all defendants. Moreover, as we recently recognized in United States v. Dorvee, 604 F.3d 84(2d Cir.2010), the child pornography Guidelines present important policy considerations, and unless they are “carefully applied,” they “can easily generate unreasonable results.” Id. at 98. We vacate the judgment and remand to the district court for resentencing to correct the procedural error and to consider the policy concerns addressed in Dorvee.

BACKGROUND

In his plea, Tutty admitted that he had possessed between 150 and 300 digital images of child pornography. Tutty had received and distributed these images over the internet using a file sharing program. Some of the images depicted minors under the age of twelve years; one image depicted a five-year-old girl being sodomized by an adult male. When Tutty was confronted by agents investigating his crimes, he was cooperative and remorseful. He has no prior criminal history, and there is no evidence that he has ever had sexual contact with a child.

At sentencing, the district court determined that Tutty's criminal history category was I and his base offense level was 22, for a Guideline range of 41 to 51 months' imprisonment. Multiple sentencing enhancements under U.S.S.G. § 2G2.2 applied to his crime, however, raising his total offense level substantially. The offense level was adjusted upwards:

• 2 levels for possession of images of children under the age of twelve;

• 2 levels for use of a computer • 5 levels for distribution other than for pecuniary gain;

• 3 levels for the number of images possessed; and

• 4 levels for possession of images that portrayed sadistic, masochistic, or violent material.

These five upward adjustments increased the offense level from 22 to 38. Tutty received a 3-level downward adjustment for acceptance of responsibility. After all the adjustments, Tutty's total offense level was 35, and his Guideline sentencing range was 168 to 210 months.

At sentencing, Tutty argued for a downward departure. First, he argued that it was unfair to apply a full 4-level adjustment for possession of sadistic, masochistic, or violent material on the basis of a single image-the image of the five-year-old being sodomized. Tutty argued that there was no evidence that he had actually seen the image in question, and claimed that he did not remember whether he had seen it. The district court rejected this contention, finding the claim of innocence non-credible: “[I]f you didn't view it, you would remember that you didn't view it.... The image ... is so inherently offensive that I can't imagine anyone forgetting whether they viewed it or not.”

Next, Tutty argued that his unique personal and family characteristics merited a departure. Analyzing the 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a) factors, however, the district court found that Tutty was not unique among defendants with similar records who committed similar conduct. Instead, the district court concluded that “many of the individuals [charged with child pornography offenses] that stand before me share traits common to [Tutty's].”

Finally, Tutty made a policy argument, urging the district court to consider the especially harsh nature of the child pornography sentencing enhancements. The district court, however, was not convinced that it had the authority to depart based solely on these policy grounds. It cited United States v. Rattoballi, 452 F.3d 127, 133 (2d Cir.2006), for the proposition that the Court of Appeals “will [ ] view as inherently suspect a non-Guidelines sentence that rests primarily upon factors that are not unique or personal to a particular defendant, but instead reflects attributes common to all defendants.” Tutty's counsel did not object to the district court's reliance on Rattoballi or its refusal to consider a broad challenge to the child pornography Guidelines.

The district court sentenced Tutty to the bottom of the Guideline range: 168 months.

DISCUSSION

On appeal, Tutty argues that his 168-month sentence is substantively unreasonable for two reasons: first, there was no proof that he actually viewed the image that was the basis for the 4-level enhancement for possessing sadistic imagery; second, any sentence within the Guideline range for offenses involving child pornography “must be considered suspect.” In particular, after the decision in Dorvee, Tutty argues that a district judge must presume that the child pornography Guidelines are unduly harsh. In his brief on appeal, Tutty did not argue that the district judge committed procedural error.

A. Standard of Review

In reviewing sentences, we apply a “deferential abuse-of-discretion standard.” United States v. Cavera, 550 F.3d 180, 189 (2d Cir.2008) ( en banc ); accord Dorvee, 604 F.3d at 90. We review for both procedural error and substantive reasonableness. Id. We “must first ensure that the district court committed no significant procedural error, such as failing to calculate (or improperly calculating) the Guidelines range, treating the Guidelines as mandatory, failing to consider the § 3553(a) factors, selecting a sentence based on clearly erroneous facts, or failing to adequately explain the chosen sentence.” Gall v. United States, 552 U.S. 38, 51, 128 S.Ct. 586, 169 L.Ed.2d 445 (2007). We must also ensure that the sentence is substantively reasonable, “reversing only when the trial court's sentence ‘cannot be located within the range of permissible decisions.’ ” Dorvee, 604 F.3d at 90(quoting Cavera, 550 F.3d at 189). Where there is procedural error, we may remand to the district court for resentencing without proceeding to a substantive review of the original sentence Cavera, 550 F.3d at 190, or, where circumstances warrant, we may review for both procedural error and substantive unreasonableness in the course of the same appeal. Dorvee, 604 F.3d at 90.

Although Tutty does not challenge the procedural reasonableness of his sentence, we have the power to consider this error nostra sponte in the interest of justice. See, e.g., Hormel v. Helvering, 312 U.S. 552, 557, 61 S.Ct. 719, 85 L.Ed. 1037 (1941) (courts of review may consider unraised issues when justice so requires); Gill v. INS, 420 F.3d 82, 88 (2d Cir.2005) (court of appeals has power to consider unraised issues); Lambert v. Genesee Hosp., 10 F.3d 46, 56 (2d Cir.1993) (same). As Tutty's counsel did not object below to the district court's reliance on Rattoballi or its refusal to consider a broader challenge to the child pornography Guidelines, we review in this respect for plain error. See Fed.R.Crim.P. 52(b); Dorvee, 604 F.3d at 90.

B. Analysis

The district court committed procedural error when it concluded that it could not consider a broad, policy-based challenge to the child pornography Guidelines. Instead, the district court essentially held that it could deviate from the sentencing range called for by U.S.S.G. § 2G2.2 only if Tutty had demonstrated unique personal factors that would distinguish him from other defendants who had committed the same crime. The district court cited Rattoballi, stating that “a non-Guidelines sentence that rests primarily upon factors that are not unique or personal to a particular defendant” is “inherently suspect.” This was error, as this Court had previously recognized in Cavera that Rattoballi had been abrogated in this respect by Kimbrough v. United States, 552 U.S. 85, 108, 128 S.Ct. 558, 169 L.Ed.2d 481 (2007). See Cavera, 550 F.3d at 191. The decisions in Cavera, Gall, and Kimbrough made clear that a district court may depart from the Guidelines based solely on a policy disagreement, even where the disagreement applies to a wide class of offenders or offenses. All of these cases had been decided before the district court sentenced Tutty. Hence, there was procedural error.

Moreover, the error was plain. It affected Tutty's substantial rights, as it “seriously affect[ed] the fairness, integrity, or public reputation of judicial proceedings.” United States v. Marcus, ---U.S. ----, ----, 130 S.Ct. 2159, 2164, 176 L.Ed.2d 1012, ---- (2010). Particularly, in the context of a sentence under the child pornography Guidelines, a district court's apparent misunderstanding of its authority to give a non-Guidelines sentence is an error of significant consequence. Cf. Dorvee, 604 F.3d at 98.¹

As for substantive review, we do not reach the question whether the sentence imposed by the district court is substantively unreasonable. We believe the better course is to remand for the district court to “exercise its discretion anew.” Cavera, 550 F.3d at 190. We do note that the district court will now have the benefit of our decision in Dorvee.

In Dorvee, we held that a sentence of 240 months for a defendant who possessed 600 or more images of child pornography was substantively...