U.S. v. Walker, 91-3069

• Decision Date: 17 October 1991
• Docket Number: No. 91-3069,91-3069
• Citation: 947 F.2d 1439
• Parties: UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. Gary R. WALKER, Defendant-Appellee.
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — Tenth Circuit

Page 1439

947 F.2d 1439

UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellant, v. Gary R. WALKER, Defendant-Appellee.

No. 91-3069.

United States Court of Appeals, Tenth Circuit.

Oct. 17, 1991.

Lanny D. Welch, Asst. U.S. Atty. (Lee Thompson, U.S. Atty., with him on the brief), Wichita, Kan., for plaintiff-appellant.

Jerry L. Griffith, of Griffith & Griffith, Derby, Kan., for defendant-appellee.

Ann S. DuRoss, Asst. Gen. Counsel, Howard S. Feinstein, Asst. Gen. Counsel, Joan E. Smiley, Senior Counsel, Robert D. McGillicuddy, Deputy Senior Counsel, and John T. Mahshie, Atty. (on the brief), Washington, D.C., for Federal Deposit Ins. Corp., amicus curiae.

Before ANDERSON and TACHA, Circuit Judges, and CHRISTENSEN, District Judge. ^*

CHRISTENSEN, District Judge.

This is a direct appeal by the United States which challenges the district court's pretrial dismissal of an information charging the appellee, Gary R. Walker, with violations of 18 U.S.C. § 212. ¹

Exercising jurisdiction pursuant to 18 U.S.C. § 3731, we reverse.

Both counts of the information ² upon motion of the defendant were dismissed by

the district court on the ground that the information failed to charge a violation of section 212--"Gary R. Walker did not 'make or grant any loan' within the meaning of 18 U.S.C. § 212." United States v. Walker, 755 F.Supp. 972, 977 (D.Kan.1991).

THE BASIC ISSUE, RULES OF CONSTRUCTION, AND STANDARD OF REVIEW

Thus, the question of the sufficiency of the information as against the motion to dismiss on the ground of failure to state an offense as authorized by Fed.R.Cr.P. 12 is directly before us. Sufficiency of an indictment or information depends upon whether it contains the elements of the offense sought to be charged, apprises the defendant of the charges he must meet and affords protection against the risk of double jeopardy in the event of conviction. Russell v. United States, 369 U.S. 749, 763-64, 82 S.Ct. 1038, 1046-47, 8 L.Ed.2d 240 (1962); United States of America v. Daily, 921 F.2d 994, 998 (10th Cir.1990) (cert. pending). In these determinations statutes are to be construed strictly, United States v. Boston and Maine R.R., 380 U.S. 157, 85 S.Ct. 868, 13 L.Ed.2d 728 (1965), but the rule of strict construction does not require that they be given the narrowest meaning their wording will allow. United States v. Cardenas, 864 F.2d 1528, 1535 (10th Cir.1989), citing United States v. Raynor, 302 U.S. 540, 552, 58 S.Ct. 353, 358, 82 L.Ed. 413 (1938).

Of course an information must encompass possible proof that may be offered to sustain the charge. Ordinarily the details of such proof are left for trial if the sufficiency of the pleading is sustained. In the present case we are not left to speculate upon what the proof might be. At a hearing on the motion to dismiss, the Government indicated that it was prepared to prove at trial the state of facts hereinafter set out, and Walker agreed for purposes of his motion that the Government's statement was accurate. Walker, 755 F.Supp. at 974, n. 2. Essentially these same facts are set out in appellant's brief on appeal, eliciting a response in appellee's brief at page 2 that "[f]or purposes of the argument and motion to dismiss, I believe the statement of facts as set forth by the United States Government should be taken as true." ³ After this is said, it still must be kept in mind that we are called upon to determine only the sufficiency of the information to charge an offense and the subsumed problem of statutory construction, not necessarily the sufficiency of the evidence, per se. While in light of the points and arguments before us both present essentially the same question of law, we do not assume to pass upon the facts submitted to us here for any other purpose.

We review statutory interpretations de novo, as we do the sufficiency of an information grounded on a statute. See United States v. Brian N., 900 F.2d 218, 220 (10th Cir.1990); United States v. Dahms, 938 F.2d 131, 133 (9th Cir.1991).

STATEMENT OF FACTS

Gary R. Walker was president of the Sylvia State Bank in Sylvia, Kansas, from 1974 until approximately September 8, 1988, when the bank was declared insolvent and the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation was appointed as receiver. Frederick James Farmer, Jr., was a customer of the Sylvia State Bank prior to 1986 and continued doing business with the Sylvia State Bank until September 8, 1988.

Frank R. Waitt was an examiner for the State of Kansas Department of Banking and was the individual in charge of the Wichita field office which included the Sylvia State Bank as a bank situated within the territory covered by the field office. Frank Waitt was authorized to examine and, in fact, served as the examiner-in-charge of the Sylvia State Bank's last two examinations on October 15, 1985, and April 14, 1987.

Prior to October 4, 1986, Frank Waitt contacted Gary Walker and inquired of him if he knew where he could borrow some money. At the time of the solicitation, Walker considered Waitt to be a good friend, and knew that he was a state bank examiner who had previously examined the Sylvia State Bank. Thereafter, Walker contacted F.J. Farmer and arranged for Farmer to lend money to Frank Waitt. Although he never met Frank Waitt nor was aware of his occupation, Farmer agreed to loan money to him.

On or about October 4, 1986, Waitt met Gary Walker at the Sylvia State Bank and executed an unsecured note to Farmer in the principal amount of $10,000 with interest at thirteen percent payable at the rate of $400 monthly. The loan was funded from Farmer's deposit account. Loan documents similar to those prepared for every loan at the Sylvia State Bank were created and remained at the Sylvia State Bank. The bank served as escrow agent for the payments and the bank received a $.50 payment handling fee. Prior to receiving the loan, Waitt provided Gary Walker with a personal financial statement dated September 28, 1986, in which he clearly revealed that he was a senior examiner for the state banking department with thirty-six years of experience. In addition to never meeting Frank Waitt, Farmer indicated he never saw any of the loan documents or the financial statement prepared by Frank Waitt.

Frank Waitt served as the state's examiner-in-charge of the April 14, 1987, examination of the Sylvia State Bank. The examination commenced on April 15, 1987, and concluded on April 22, 1987. Waitt assigned a uniform bank rating of 2-2-2-3- 1/2. The examination report prepared by Waitt reflected only modest classifications and there were no violations of law, rules or regulations or concentrations of credit scheduled. The official officer's questionnaire signed by Gary Walker on April 16, 1987, reflected an answer of "none" to the question "list all extensions of credit held by a bank which are direct or indirect liabilities of any bank examiner or assistant examiner who examines or has authority to examine this bank." As stated previously, the Sylvia State Bank was declared insolvent some seventeen months later in September of 1988.

Prior to November 5, 1987, Rebecca Emery arrived at the Sylvia State Bank and discussed her need for a loan with Gary Walker. Just as he did in the case of Frank Waitt, Walker agreed to obtain money for Rebecca Emery. He once again contacted F.J. Farmer and Farmer agreed to loan Emery $7,000. At the time of the solicitation, Karen Walker, Walker's wife and an employee of the Sylvia State Bank, considered Emery to be a good friend and she and Gary Walker were aware that Rebecca Emery was a state bank examiner who had previously participated in an examination of the Sylvia State Bank. Tr. Vol. I at 6.

Once again, Farmer did not meet Emery nor was he made aware of her occupation. Emery executed an unsecured promissory note dated November 5, 1987, in the amount of $7,000 with interest at thirteen percent. Payments were scheduled at $235 per month with a final maturity of November 5, 1990. Funding for the loan came from Farmer's deposit account at the Sylvia

                State Bank.   Incidental therewith, an unsigned loan application form was completed which clearly showed that Emery was a state bank examiner and her supervisor was Frank Waitt.   As Walker had done with the loan to Frank Waitt, all loan documentation was kept at the Sylvia State Bank and the bank served as the escrow agent for the payments and received a $1 per payment handling fee.   In addition to not meeting Rebecca Emery, Farmer never saw any of the documents in relation to this loan
                

THE MEANING OF THE STATUTE IN CONSIDERATION OF ITS WORDING

AND IN LIGHT OF ITS PURPOSE

It is our opinion that the meaning of the statute does not preclude, but on the contrary literally encompasses, the pleaded and agreed state of facts as sufficient, and especially is this so in light of the obvious purpose of the statute.

The primary elements comprising an offense under the statute are:

(1) The FDIC has insured the deposits of the bank.

(2) The defendant was an officer, director or employee of the bank.

(3) He made or granted a loan to an examiner or assistant examiner who examines or has authority to examine such bank.

Defendant does not question that these elements are present in this case, except for the "making or granting" of the loans by the bank officer.

Literal Meaning of Controlling Terms.

Among the numerous meanings of "make" are "to cause to exist, occur, or appear"; "to cause to be or become"; "to put in a certain state or condition." Webster's New International Dictionary, Third Edition (Unabridged) (1976). Or, as the Random House College Dictionary, Revised Edition (1980), says "to bring into existence by shaping or changing material, combining parts, etc.: to make a dress; to make a chair; to make a work of art"; "produce; cause to exist; bring about: to make trouble; to make war"; "to cause to be or become; render: to make someone happy"; "to put in the proper condition or state, as...