U.S. v. West

• Decision Date: 30 December 2010
• Docket Number: No. 10-1292,10-1292
• Citation: 628 F.3d 425
• Parties: UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Edward W. WEST, Defendant-Appellant.
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — Seventh Circuit

628 F.3d 425 UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Edward W. WEST, Defendant-Appellant. No. 10-1292. United States Court of Appeals, Seventh Circuit. Argued Oct. 21, 2010. Decided Dec. 30, 2010.

Bridget J. Domaszek (argued), Office of the United States Trustee, Milwaukee, WI, for Plaintiff-Appellee.

Brian T. Fahl, Brian P. Mullins (argued), Federal Defender Services of Eastern Wisconsin, Incorporated, Milwaukee, WI, for Defendant-Appellant.

Edward W. West, Federal Correctional Institution, Greenville, IL, pro se.

Before EASTERBROOK, Chief Judge, and MANION and HAMILTON, Circuit Judges.

HAMILTON, Circuit Judge.

Edward W. West was charged with two counts of armed bank robbery in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2113(a) and (d), and two counts of using a firearm during a crime of violence in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 924(c). West moved to suppress an in-custody lineup identification on the grounds that the lineup violated his Sixth Amendment right to counsel and that the lineup was unduly suggestive. The district judge granted the motion, finding that the lineup was conducted without counsel for West. The court concluded, however, that the lineup witnesses would be allowed to make in-court identifications. West then entered a conditional plea of guilty and was sentenced to 230 months' imprisonment.

On appeal, West argues that the district court erred when it agreed to allow witnesses to make in-court identifications without first determining whether an in-court identification would have an independent basis and would be free from the taint of the improper lineup. West also argues that the district court improperly based his 230-month sentence on his socioeconomic status. We conclude that the district court erred by not making the findings as to the admissibility of witnesses' in-court identifications required by United States v. Wade, 388 U.S. 218, 240, 87 S.Ct. 1926, 18 L.Ed.2d 1149 (1967). We thus vacate West's convictions and remand for a hearing on this issue. We find no error in the district court's statements at sentencing.

Factual Background

On May 24, 2008, Edward West was arrested on suspicion that he had robbed two Wisconsin banks, a U.S. Bank branch in Milwaukee on May 12, 2008 and a Landmark Credit Union branch in Wauwatosa on May 23, 2008. While West was in custody, on May 27, 2008, the Milwaukee police administered an in-custody lineup for the two witnesses to the U.S. Bank robbery. The same day, the Wauwatosa police administered the same lineup for three witnesses to the Landmark Credit Union robbery. West was not represented by counsel in either lineup. Three witnesses identified West as the bank robber. A federal grand jury then returned a four-count indictment against West.

West moved to suppress the pre-indictment lineup identifications, claiming that they violated his Sixth Amendment right to counsel and that the lineups were unduly suggestive. Following an evidentiary hearing, the magistrate judge issued a report recommending that the lineups and all evidence obtained as a direct result of the lineups be suppressed because they had been conducted in violation of West's Sixth Amendment right to counsel, as interpreted in Wade. The magistrate judge also concluded that the lineups as conducted were not unduly suggestive. Both parties objected to the magistrate judge's report and recommendation. The government raised the in-court identification issue for the first time, arguing under Wade that there was an independent basis for each witness's in-court identification of West, so that the witnesses should be allowed to testify if the case proceeded to trial. West responded that the lineups were unduly suggestive, that any in-court identification by the three witnesses would be tainted by the unconstitutional lineup procedure, and that the government was responsible under Wade for showing by clear and convincing evidence that there was an independent basis for an in-court identification. Neither the magistrate judge nor the district court judge held a hearing on the Wade in-court identification issue.

The district judge ultimately adopted the magistrate judge's recommendation that West's right to counsel had been violated and that the lineup was not unduly suggestive. In addition, the district judge stated that he would allow an in-court identification, but without making any specific findings required by Wade after a Sixth Amendment violation in a lineup. West then entered a conditional plea of guilty that reserved his right to appeal the in-court identification ruling, and the district court sentenced West to 230 months in prison, below the advisory guideline range.

Analysis

I. Finding an Independent Basis for In-Court Identification under Wade

The appellant challenges his convictions on the basis that the district judge made no finding under Wade as to the admissibility of the planned in-court identifications. The Supreme Court held in Wade that, where a lineup has been suppressed as unlawful, "a per se rule of exclusion of courtroom identification would be unjustified." Wade, 388 U.S. at 240, 87 S.Ct. 1926. To allow a witness to make an in-court identification after an uncounseled lineup identification, however, the government must show by clear and convincing evidence that there is an independent basis for a witness's in-court identification. Id. at 240-41, 87 S.Ct. 1926; accord, Gilbert v. California, 388 U.S. 263, 272, 87 S.Ct. 1951, 18 L.Ed.2d 1178 (1967); United States v. Anderson, 714 F.2d 684, 686-87 (1983);United States ex rel. Harris v. State of Illinois, 457 F.2d 191, 194 (7th Cir.1972).

In Wade, the Supreme Court outlined critical factors for a court to consider in deciding whether there exists an independent basis for identification, including "the prior opportunity to observe the alleged criminal act, the existence of any discrepancy between any pre-lineup description and the defendant's actual description, any identification prior to lineup of another person, the identification by picture of the defendant prior to the lineup, failure to identify the defendant on a prior occasion, and the lapse of time between the alleged act and the lineup identification." 388 U.S. at 241, 87 S.Ct. 1926; see also Anderson, 714 F.2d at 686 (applying Wade factors). The issue here, where the lineup was suppressed as unconstitutional, is whether the district court made the requisite Wade finding as to the admissibility of the in-court identifications.

Although decisions to admit evidence are generally reviewed under an abuse of discretion standard, admissions of identifications are subject to a hybrid standard of review that we have described as de novo review "with due deference to findings of historical fact." United States v. Harris, 281 F.3d 667, 669-70 (7th Cir.2002). Here, the sole question is the legal one, whether the court made the requisite legal finding, so our review is de novo. Id.

The government argues that the district court twice made Wade findings as to the admissibility of the in-court identification. We disagree. While the district judge twice made statements acknowledging that he would allow witnesses to make in-court identifications of West, he made no Wade finding. First, at an evidentiary hearing on an unrelated issue, the district court adopted the magistrate judge's findings and remarked that in-court identification was permissible, stating:

I do not believe the government has shown that the magistrate judge's ruling is incorrect. I don't believe that—well, the lineup should have been conducted with an attorney there, it certainly was not, but there was nothing about the lineup, the way it was conducted, to suggest that an in-court identification of the defendant would be tainted; hence, it is possible for an in-court identification to occur.

In drawing that conclusion, the district court made no finding under Wade nor did it explicitly consider the relevant Wade factors. West argues that he was confused by the district court's statement as to the in-court identification and thus sought clarity on the issue before pleading guilty to the bank robberies. At the request of West's counsel at the change of plea hearing, the district judge again commented on his decision to allow an in-court identification:

This is a case where witnesses were given the opportunity to identify Mr. West in a lineup. The court concluded that notwithstanding the problems with the lineup, the witnesses may testify at trial. This does not mean that is any foregone conclusion that the witnesses who testify at trial will be able to identify Mr. West, and that was one of the points I was trying to make in my ruling.

Witnesses obviously will come to court and will be given an opportunity to determine whether or not they can indeed identify the defendant. The prior contact with the defendant has not been—was not shown to be such that the witnesses should be precluded from being given the opportunity to view the defendant and determine if he is indeed the person they saw and the person theywould implicate as one of the bank robbers. So that was the essence of the court's decision.

These are the district judge's only statements about the admissibility of the in-court identification of West. Neither statement recognized that the government bore the burden of proof on the issue, and by clear and convincing evidence. The district court never made a finding that the government had shown by clear and convincing evidence that a potential in-court identification would be based on observations of the suspect other than from the in-custody lineup, and at no time were the Wade factors addressed explicitly. There simply were no findings of fact by the district court as to the admissibility of the in-court identification.

The government requested that both the magistrate judge and the district judge make a Wade finding, but the fact remains that neither did so. The government argues that the district court's...