U.S. v. White, s. 85-2115

• Decision Date: 26 June 1986
• Docket Number: 85-2125,Nos. 85-2115,s. 85-2115
• Citation: 794 F.2d 367
• Parties: 20 Fed. R. Evid. Serv. 1409 UNITED STATES of America, Appellee, v. Rodney Earl WHITE, Appellant. UNITED STATES of America, Appellee, v. Raul Garcia SILVA, Appellant.
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — Eighth Circuit

Page 367

794 F.2d 367

20 Fed. R. Evid. Serv. 1409

UNITED STATES of America, Appellee, v. Rodney Earl WHITE, Appellant.

UNITED STATES of America, Appellee, v. Raul Garcia SILVA, Appellant.

Nos. 85-2115, 85-2125.

United States Court of Appeals Eighth Circuit.

Submitted March 13, 1986.

Decided June 26, 1986.

Sharon F. Daily, James C. Delworth (argued), St. Louis, Mo., for appellant.

Daniel E. Meuleman, Asst. U.S. Atty., St. Louis, Mo., for appellee.

Before McMILLIAN and BOWMAN, Circuit Judges, and HANSON, ^* Senior District Judge.

McMILLIAN, Circuit Judge.

Rodney Earl White and Raul Garcia Silva appeal from final judgments entered in the District Court ¹ for the Eastern District of Missouri upon jury verdicts finding them guilty of conspiracy to steal and possess stolen mail matter in violation of 18 U.S.C. Sec. 371 and possession of stolen mail matter in violation of 18 U.S.C. Sec. 1708. For reversal White alleges the district court erred in denying his motion for severance, making certain evidentiary rulings, and failing to declare a mistrial because of prejudicial prosecutorial remarks in closing argument. For reversal Silva contends that the district court erred in limiting the use of a juvenile adjudication to impeach the chief government witness, submitting a "conscious avoidance" instruction, and allowing into evidence threats he allegedly made to a government witness. For the reasons discussed below, we affirm both cases.

The facts reviewed in the light most favorable to the jury verdict reveal the following. On June 4, 1985, the window of the automobile of a United States letter carrier was broken and three bundles of mail were stolen from the rear seat. Shortly after the theft, postal inspectors found approximately 150 pieces of mail in a trash dumpster at the rear of an apartment in which Dearborn Debrick Hynes lived. After interrogation, Hynes told the inspectors that he, White and Silva had broken into the automobile and stolen the mail. According to Hynes, White served as a "lookout" while he and Silva broke the window and took the mail.

Later that evening, postal inspectors interrogated White. Although initially White denied involvement in the robbery, he later admitted that he had participated along with Hynes and Silva in taking the mail. After the interrogation, one of the postal inspectors reduced White's oral statement to writing. White signed the statement verifying that he had read the statement and that it was true.

That evening postal inspectors also went to Silva's apartment. They found Silva sitting on a couch in the living room. At his feet were three Missouri Division of Family Services' checks addressed to streets included on the delivery route for the mail reported stolen earlier in the day. At trial Silva testified that at the time of the robbery he was playing pinball in a diner and that White had entered the diner and asked him to keep a paper bag until White returned. Silva testified that when White did not return for the bag, he kept the bag and returned to his apartment. Silva claimed that the first time he opened the bag and discovered it contained the checks was as the postal inspectors came into the apartment and that he had had no knowledge of the contents of the bag until that time.

Rodney Earl White--No. 85-2115

We first address White's contention that the district court erred in denying his motion for severance. White alleges he was prejudiced by joinder because of the weight of the evidence against Silva. We disagree. "Separate trials ... are not necessary simply because the evidence may be more damaging against one of the defendants." United States v. Anderson, 626 F.2d 1358, 1373 (8th Cir.), cert. denied, 450 U.S. 912, 101 S.Ct. 1351, 67 L.Ed.2d 336 (1980). Furthermore, "[a] motion to sever rests within the sound discretion of the trial court, and its judgment will not be reversed absent a showing of clear prejudice indicating an abuse of discretion." Id. In the present case, our review of the record reveals that White suffered no prejudice from the joint trial. Therefore, the district court did not abuse its discretion in denying his motion for severance.

White next contends that the district court erred in making several evidentiary rulings. White argues that the district court erred in admitting into evidence the written statement prepared by the postal inspector at the conclusion of the custodial interrogation. At the interrogation, White told the postal inspector he could not write well and agreed to have the inspector write a statement for him. The inspector wrote down White's words as White repeated his story of the day's events. When the statement was completed, the inspector read it aloud to White in its entirety; White initialed all corrections made on the statement; and White wrote out in his own hand that "I red [sic] theta [sic] statement and ti [sic] is true." White then signed the statement.

We find White's challenge to the admission of the written statement is not properly before the court. The government did not introduce the statement but White's defense counsel read the statement in its entirety on cross-examination. In this situation, we believe that White has waived his objection to the admission of the statement. See United States v. Johnson, 720 F.2d 519, 522 (8th Cir.1983), cert. denied, 465 U.S. 1036, 104 S.Ct. 1310, 79 L.Ed.2d 707 (1984). ²

White also alleges that certain prosecutorial comments made during closing argument constitute reversible error. White argues that the district court erred in failing to declare a mistrial when the government in its rebuttal closing argument stated that it did not introduce the written statement in its case-in-chief because of "a legal problem." The government made the statement in response to defense counsel's closing argument that "the government thought so little of that statement the government itself didn't even use the statement in its case against [White]." Prior to trial the government had informed the district court that it would not introduce the written statement because the statement contained inculpatory comments concerning White's co-defendant Silva and therefore presented a potential sixth amendment confrontation problem in violation of Bruton v. United States, 391 U.S. 123, 88 S.Ct. 1620, 20 L.Ed.2d 476 (1960). Although we note that the district court sustained appellant's objection to the government's reference to a "legal problem," we agree with the government that its argument was proper rebuttal in light of the defense counsel's improper characterization of the government's motive for not introducing the statement. See United States v. Librach, 536 F.2d 1228, 1232 (8th Cir.) (the government has the right to comment on arguments raised by the defense), cert. denied, 429 U.S. 939, 97 S.Ct. 354, 50 L.Ed.2d 308 (1976).

Further, White contends that the district court erred in failing to declare a mistrial when the government in closing argument stated that White failed to call any witnesses to corroborate his testimony concerning his activities on June 4, 1985, the date of the robbery. This issue is not properly before the court because White failed to object to the statement at trial. See id. at 1231. We find no plain error because on the facts of this case it was permissible for the government to comment on White's "failure to call any witnesses to refute or contradict the government's case." United States v. Thompson, 490 F.2d 1218, 1221 (8th Cir.1974). See also Moore v. Wyrick, 760 F.2d 884, 886 n. 2 (8th Cir.1985) (per curiam).

Last, we address White's contention that the district court erred in failing to comply with the jurors' written request for a definition of "conspiracy." The district court responded by referring the jurors to the original jury instructions. The response to a jury request for supplemental instructions is a matter within the sound discretion of the district court. United States v. Neiss, 684 F.2d 570, 572 (8th Cir.1982). On the facts of the present case, we believe it was permissible for the district court to refer the jury to the original charge, which contained a correct definition of conspiracy. See United States v. Hicks, 619 F.2d 752, 758 (8th Cir.1980). We note that the district court had been amenable to giving a supplemental instruction but wanted the agreement of the government as well as both defense attorneys. Although White's counsel objected to referring the jury to the initial charge, appellant Silva's counsel and the government each believed that a reference to the original charge was more appropriate than giving the jury a definition of conspiracy which it had already been given.

We have considered White's other allegations of error raised on appeal and find them to be without merit.

Raul Garcia Silva--No. 85-2125

Silva first argues that the district court erred in...