U.S. v. Woodard, 02-1244.

• Decision Date: 14 January 2003
• Docket Number: No. 02-1244.,02-1244.
• Citation: 315 F.3d 1000
• Parties: UNITED STATES of America, Appellee, v. Clarence W. WOODARD, Appellant.
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — Eighth Circuit

315 F.3d 1000

UNITED STATES of America, Appellee, v. Clarence W. WOODARD, Appellant.

No. 02-1244.

United States Court of Appeals, Eighth Circuit.

Submitted: December 10, 2002.

Filed: January 14, 2003.

Jack T. Lassiter, Little Rock, AR, for appellant.

Sandra Willson Cherry, AUSA, Little Rock, AR, for appellee.,

Before BOWMAN, MORRIS SHEPPARD ARNOLD, and RILEY, Circuit Judges.

BOWMAN, Circuit Judge.

A jury convicted Clarence W. Woodard and Mark Keller of conspiracy to commit health care fraud, to file false claims, and to use the mails in furtherance of a scheme to defraud finding Woodard and Keller, as principals of Keller Medical Services, Inc. ("KMS"), conspired to submit false claims for Medicare reimbursement for ambulance transportation of dialysis patients. On appeal, Woodard contends the District Court¹ erred by permitting the government to cross-examine him about several irregular business loans involving a related partnership and by giving a deliberate ignorance jury instruction and an erroneous conspiracy jury instruction. For the reasons stated below, we affirm Woodard's conviction.

I.

Woodard and Keller served as co-owners of KMS, which provided ambulance services in and around Jonesboro, Arkansas. Woodard, a certified public accountant, handled personnel and payroll matters for the company. KMS was a licensed Medicare provider of ambulance services and contracted with Arkansas Blue Cross and Blue Shield, Inc. and with the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services ("HHS"). In 1996, KMS began transporting dialysis patients to and from the regional medical center in Jonesboro and sought reimbursement for these services from Blue Cross, which served as the fiscal intermediary for HHS for the Medicare Part B Program. The Medicare program would compensate KMS if the transportation of the Medicare beneficiary is medically necessary (i.e., if the patient cannot be transported safely by any other means),with medical necessity determined at the time of transport. KMS received a copy of the Medicare Ambulance Handbook, which states that dialysis patients ordinarily do not need ambulance transportation. Medicare paid $280 or more per trip, plus fees for mileage.

According to the government, the claims submitted by KMS for transportation of dialysis patients were false because those claims represented that these trips were medically necessary. An FBI and HHS investigation of the scheme revealed that KMS filed fraudulent claims for fifteen dialysis patients, totaling more than $1.2 million. Of that total, KMS received $1,093,921.81. At trial, the government presented evidence from Dr. Michael Mackey, the director of the regional dialysis clinic in Jonesboro, who testified about five dialysis patients who he believed did not need ambulance transportation to the medical center. Several other witnesses, including paramedics and medical technicians from the area, gave testimony to the same effect. Jimmy Willis Hart, a former KMS manager, testified that he met with Woodard and Keller in 1997 and told them, after meeting with Bridget Barfoot, a Medicare representative, that thirteen out of the fourteen dialysis patients transported by KMS were not compensable. Woodard and Keller responded that KMS could not afford the loss of revenue, and they discussed several options to continue the service, including depositing the revenues into a separate account in the event Medicare audited the company. Woodard and Keller told Hart to continue transporting the patients.

Gaylon Wade Murray, Hart's successor at KMS and a co-defendant in this case who pled guilty before trial, testified that he transported six dialysis patients who did not need ambulance service and that he had discussed this practice with Woodard and Keller in November 1997. Murray further testified that Barfoot showed him an anonymous note advising Medicare that KMS was transporting dialysis patients. Murray then showed the note to Woodard, who responded that, "I don't think this is anything to worry about." Tr. at 871. In response, Murray ran reports for the dialysis patients to determine how much KMS would be responsible for if the company had to reimburse Medicare. Woodard expressed no interest in the reports. Woodard later cut short a meeting sought by two KMS paramedics in which they discussed their concern about transporting dialysis patients. In his own defense, Woodard testified that he was not involved in managing the day-to-day operations of KMS and he denied any involvement or knowledge of the scheme of filing false Medicare reimbursement claims.

II.

Woodard first argues the District Court erred by allowing the government to cross-examine him about his receipt of certain loan proceeds because "this line of questioning and the exhibit were misleading, confusing, irrelevant and prejudicial." Br. of Appellant at 20. Specifically, Woodard contends that the disbursement of these funds concerned entities that had nothing to do with the conspiracy alleged in the indictment. According to the government, Woodard received the loan proceeds through a sophisticated disbursement of checks among three companies, including KMS, owned by Woodard, Keller and George Stem. The funds came from a construction loan from Union Planter's Bank to KMS.

At trial, the government presented evidence that the loan funds were first moved from KMS to Stem's construction company. After that, the funds were moved from this company to KWV, a partnership between Woodard, Keller and Stem. Finally, the funds were transferred from KWV to the individual partners, each of whom received $73,000. Keller testified during his cross-examination that he did not know why Stem's construction company transferred several hundred thousand dollars to KWV and that Woodard was in a better position to answer that question. Keller also admitted that he and Woodard each received $73,000 from KWV. Woodard later testified in his own defense and during his cross-examination objected to questions relating to these funds. The District Court overruled Woodard's objections and ruled the evidence went to the financial condition of KMS and was important to help the jury determine Woodard's credibility.

We review the District Court's ruling for abuse of discretion. See United States v. NB, 59 F.3d 771, 778 (8th Cir.1995) (standard of appellate review for a district court's ruling on the proper scope of cross-examination). A district court has "broad discretion in determining the relevancy and admissibility of evidence ... and in setting the limits of cross-examination." United States v. Wallace, 722 F.2d 415, 416 (8th Cir.1983) (citations omitted). We give great deference to the trial judge who heard the evidence and determined whether the probative value of the evidence was sufficient to outweigh the danger of unfair prejudice. Id. The prejudicial impact of the evidence must be strong enough to deny the defendant a fair trial. See id. at 417. Unfair prejudice occurs where the evidence has an "undue tendency to suggest [a] decision on an improper basis, commonly, though not necessarily, an emotional one." United States v. Emeron Taken Alive, 262 F.3d 711, 714 (8th Cir. 2001) (quoting Fed.R.Evid. 403, Adv. Comm. Notes). In addition, "[i]f a defendant takes the stand, his credibility is placed in issue, and the Government is entitled to attack it by cross-examination." Wallace, 722 F.2d at 416 (citation omitted); see also Fed.R.Evid. 611(b) ("scope of cross-examination").

Based on our review of the record, we conclude the District Court did not abuse its discretion in permitting the government to cross-examine Woodard about these construction loan proceeds. At a minimum, Woodard placed his credibility in issue by testifying about the loan during direct examination. See Wallace, 722 F.2d at 417 ("Cross-examination may embrace any matter germane to direct examination, qualifying or destroying it, or tending to elucidate, modify, explain, contradict, or rebut testimony given by the witness." (quoting Roberts v. Hollocher, 664 F.2d 200, 203 (8th Cir.1981)). Moreover, we agree with the District Court that the testimony is relevant because it "goes not only to the financial condition of [KMS], but also it is important ... to help the jury determine the credibility of these defendants." Tr. at 1769.

Woodard next argues that the District Court erred in giving a deliberate-ignorance jury instruction. At trial, Woodard objected to the instruction, arguing that it would permit the jury to convict him without finding the requisite mental state for the conspiracy count. The court instructed the jury as follows:

You may find that a defendant acted knowingly if you find beyond a reasonable doubt that a defendant was aware of a high probability that Medicare was falsely billed for transportation of dialysis patients and that he or she deliberately avoided learning the truth. The element of knowledge may be inferred if a defendant deliberately closed his or her eyes to what would otherwise have been obvious to him or her.

You may not find that a defendant acted knowingly, however, if you find that a defendant actually believed that Medicare was not falsely billed for transportation of dialysis patients. A showing of negligence, mistake,...