U.S. v. Zolla

• Decision Date: 24 January 1984
• Docket Number: No. 82-5947,82-5947
• Citation: 724 F.2d 808
• Parties: 84-1 USTC P 9175 UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Edward M. ZOLLA, Defendant-Appellant.
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — Ninth Circuit

Page 808

724 F.2d 808

84-1 USTC P 9175

UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Edward M. ZOLLA, Defendant-Appellant.

No. 82-5947.

United States Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit.

Argued and Submitted Dec. 9, 1983.

Decided Jan. 24, 1984.

Laurie A. Snyder, Atty. Tax Div., Dept. of Justice, Washington, D.C., for plaintiff-appellee.

Robert Wyshak, Beverly Hills, Cal., for defendant-appellant.

Appeal from the District Court for the Central District of California.

Before GOODWIN and TANG, Circuit Judges, and JAMESON, District Judge. ^*

GOODWIN, Circuit Judge:

Zolla appeals a district court judgment in favor of the government in its action to reduce to judgment Zolla's federal income tax liabilities for 1968 and 1969.

Neither the government nor Zolla introduced direct evidence of Zolla's income and deductions for the years in question. The government relied upon the presumption of correctness that attaches to the IRS's determination of a tax deficiency. See Rockwell v. Commissioner, 512 F.2d 882, 885 (9th Cir.), cert. denied, 423 U.S. 1015, 96 S.Ct. 448, 46 L.Ed.2d 386 (1975). Zolla argued that the presumption of correctness should not apply because: (1) the determination of deficiency was arbitrary; (2) there was insufficient evidence that the Government mailed the statutory notice of deficiency; and (3) that the notice, if sent, was not mailed to his last known address. The district court, finding no genuine issues of material fact, held that the government was entitled to prevail as a matter of law, and entered summary judgment for the government. We affirm.

A. The Deficiency Was Not Arbitrary

This court has held that no presumption of correctness attaches to deficiency determinations in which the IRS charges a taxpayer with additional income but provides no factual showing that the taxpayer actually received the income in question. To give effect to the presumption in such circumstances would impose on the taxpayer the difficult task of proving a negative. See Weimerskirch v. Commissioner, 596 F.2d 358, 361 (9th Cir.1979). Zolla contends that Weimerskirch covers his case. He fails to note, however, that all of the 1969 deficiency and part of the 1968 deficiency were based on the disallowance of claimed deductions and credits. There was no doubt that income was received. This court has held that the Weimerskirch rule does not apply where the deficiency is based on the disallowance of a claimed deduction, because the taxpayer is not required to prove a negative. See Karme v. Commissioner, 673 F.2d 1062, 1065 (9th Cir.1982). Disallowed credits are indistinguishable in this respect from disallowed deductions.

The remainder of the 1968 deficiency was based on the inclusion of income shown in an unfiled 1968 tax return obtained from Zolla's CPA. The inclusion of those amounts, shown in Zolla's own records, did not lack a factual basis under Weimerskirch.

B. The Government Proved That Notices Had Been Mailed

The IRS, by established routine, had destroyed all copies of the notices of deficiency and demands for payment that had been mailed to Zolla. The government submitted postal form 3877 certifying that the notices of deficiency had been mailed and an IRS form certifying that the taxes and the section 6651(a)(3) ¹ failure-to-pay penalties had been assessed. Zolla offered no contrary evidence.

We adopt the view of the Eighth Circuit and the Tax Court that these official certificates are highly probative, and are sufficient, in the absence of contrary evidence, to establish that the notices and assessments were properly made. See United States v. Ahrens, 530 F.2d 781, 784-86 (8th Cir.1976); Cataldo v. Commissioner, 60 T.C. 522, 524 (1973).

C. The Notices Were Mailed to the Taxpayer's Last Known Address

The IRS must send a notice of deficiency before it may assess, collect, or reduce to judgment most income tax liabilities. Sec. 6213(a). The notice is valid even if not received by the taxpayer, if it is mailed to the taxpayer's last known address. ² See Sec. 6212(b)(1); Cool Fuel, Inc. v. Connett, 685 F.2d 309, 312 (9th Cir.1982).

A taxpayer's last known address is that on his most recent return, unless the taxpayer communicates to the IRS "clear and concise" notice of a change of address. See McPartlin v. Commissioner, 653 F.2d 1185, 1189 (7th Cir.1981); Alta Sierra Vista, Inc. v. Commissioner, 62 T.C. 367 (1974), aff'd mem, 538 F.2d 334 (9th Cir.1976).

It is undisputed that the North Bedford Street address to which the notice of deficiency was mailed was the address on Zolla's most recent return. ³ Zolla filed a 1970 return in October 1971, showing that address. Zolla did not file a 1971 return. The notice of deficiency was mailed in June 1973. Zolla filed a 1972 return in 1974, showing a new address.

Zolla argues that the IRS had notice of a change of address because, before the notices of deficiency were mailed, an agent in the collection division of the same district office discovered a more recent address (La Peer Street) while attempting to collect an unrelated tax liability. The collection agent filed a notice of tax lien showing the La Peer Street address.

We adopt the view of the Tax Court that such information gained by a collector should not necessarily be imputed to the audit agents who mailed the notices of deficiency. Kuebler v. Commissioner, 38 T.C.M. (CCH) 454 (1979). Because a notice of deficiency is invalid if not properly addressed, ⁴ and because the statute of limitations will often bar the IRS from later issuing a correct notice if the first is invalid, the IRS must have clear guidance as to what information it must examine in determining a taxpayer's last known address. If we required agents mailing notices of deficiency to take into account address information acquired by agents in different divisions in the course of unrelated investigations, the IRS could ensure that notices were validly addressed only by systematically recording in a central file all address information acquired in any fashion. We decline to require the IRS to do that. First, it would impose an unreasonable administrative burden on the IRS. Second, where the taxpayer himself did not communicate the change of address to the IRS, the taxpayer would not be estopped from arguing that a change of address noted by the IRS was incorrect. This could happen, for instance, if the IRS took notice of a temporary change of address. A notice of deficiency sent to a temporary address is invalid unless actually received. Cf. Cohen v. United States, 297 F.2d 760, 773 (9th Cir.), cert. denied, 369 U.S. 865, 82 S.Ct. 1029, 8 L.Ed.2d 84 (1962). If we require the taxpayer to communicate a change of address clearly and concisely, we may fairly find that the taxpayer is bound by the information the IRS receives.

Zolla also contends that the IRS had notice of a change in address because the La Peer Street address was in one of the IRS...