United Services Automobile Association v. Pinkard

• Decision Date: 11 February 1965
• Docket Number: Civ. A. No. 64-C-6.
• Citation: 258 F. Supp. 804
• Court: U.S. District Court — Western District of Virginia
• Parties: UNITED SERVICES AUTOMOBILE ASSOCIATION, Plaintiff, v. Andrew Byrd PINKARD and Edward J. Hanks, Administrator of the Estate of Clifton Wiley Hanks, Deceased, Defendants.

258 F. Supp. 804

UNITED SERVICES AUTOMOBILE ASSOCIATION, Plaintiff, v. Andrew Byrd PINKARD and Edward J. Hanks, Administrator of the Estate of Clifton Wiley Hanks, Deceased, Defendants.

Civ. A. No. 64-C-6.

United States District Court W. D. Virginia, Danville Division.

February 11, 1965.

S. D. Roberts Moore, Gentry, Locke, Rakes & Moore, Roanoke, Va., for plaintiff.

Jackson L. Kiser, Young, Kiser & Frith, Martinsville, Va., for defendant Pinkard.

Kenneth M. Covington, Martinsville, Va., for Edward J. Hanks, etc.

OPINION

DALTON, Chief Judge.

This is a declaratory judgment action filed by United Services Automobile Association (hereinafter referred to as United Services) against Andrew Byrd Pinkard and Edward J. Hanks, Administrator of the Estate of Clifton Wiley Hanks. The action arose out of an automobile accident which occurred near Roanoke, Virginia, on June 26, 1963, involving a 1955 Oldsmobile automobile owned by Clifton Wiley Hanks and being operated at the time of the accident by Andrew Byrd Pinkard. Pinkard instituted an action in the Circuit Court of the City of Martinsville, Virginia, against Hanks' estate seeking damages for injuries he sustained as a result of alleged negligence on the part of the decedent, and the jury returned a verdict of $12,000 in his favor. The instant case was brought to determine United Services' liability on an automobile liability insurance policy issued to Clifton Wiley Hanks.

The material facts are not in dispute. On June 26, 1963, Hanks casually encountered defendant Pinkard on a street in down town Martinsville and asked Pinkard if he would drive him to Roanoke that night. The two had been friends for a period of ten or twelve years and several times in the past Pinkard had gratuitously transported Hanks various places in the latter's automobile because Hanks had no operator's license. On this occasion, however, Pinkard stated that he had no money and did not desire to sit idly in Roanoke while Hanks visited a friend. Finally, upon Hanks' offer to give him $3.00 spending money, Pinkard consented to make the trip, still maintaining that he could not stay long. Hanks assured Pinkard that he could return to Martinsville anytime he (Pinkard) so desired. En route to Roanoke the car struck a telephone pole approximately seven-tenths of a mile from the city, killing Hanks and seriously injuring Pinkard. According to Pinkard, Hanks had dozed off to sleep and upon suddenly awakening, had grabbed the steering wheel, causing the car to veer into the telephone pole.

The policy of insurance issued by United Services to Hanks contained the following language under the INSURING AGREEMENTS:

I. COVERAGE A—BODILY INJURY AND LIABILITY

"To pay on behalf of the insured all sums which the insured shall become legally obligated to pay as damages because of bodily injury, sickness or disease, including death at any time resulting therefrom, sustained by any person, caused by accident and arising out of the ownership, maintenance or use of the automobile."

It was further agreed in the policy as to the following:

EXCLUSIONS

"This policy does not apply: * * *

(d) under Coverage A to bodily injury to or sickness, disease or death of any employee of the insured arising out of and in the course of (1) domestic employment by the insured if benefits therefor are in whole or in part either payable or required to be provided under any Workmen's Compensation Law, or (2) other employment by the insured; * * *."

Counsel for both sides have stipulated that there is only one issue to be resolved by this Court: whether Andrew Byrd Pinkard was an employee within the meaning of the above exclusionary clause, thus relieving United Services from liability for any judgment which he might obtain against Hanks' estate.

Assuming, without deciding, that Pinkard was an employee of Hanks within the technical, legalistic meaning of that term, nevertheless he was, at best, a "casual employee", and the courts are in much disagreement as to whether such a person is excluded from insurance coverage by virtue of a clause such as the one in this case. Annot., 50 A.L.R.2d 78 (1956). The better rule would seem to be that they are not so excluded.

If the word "employee" were being used in a statute, there would be some merit to the contention that it should be given a strict legalistic interpretation. This is not true, however, when it is used in a contract of insurance where the insured is more often than not a layman with no concept of the technical legal import of the term. Different areas of the law are rarely congruent in the geometric sense, and so the construction of a word which is applicable in one area does not have to exactly coincide with the construction applicable in another. Jewtraw v. Hartford Acc. & Indem. Co., 284 App. Div. 312, 131 N.Y.S.2d 745, 756 (1954).

The exclusion clause is a contractual limit of liability and as such is subject to rules which govern contracts in general. Harleysville Mut. Ins. Co. v. Dollins, 201 Va. 73, 109 S.E.2d 405 (1959); Ampy v. Metropolitan Cas. Ins. Co., 200 Va. 396, 105 S.E.2d 839 (1959); Marandino v. Lawyer's Title Ins. Co., 156 Va. 696, 159 S.E. 181 (1931). In construing such a clause the test is not what the insurance company intended the clause to mean, but what a reasonable person in the position of the named insured would have understood it to mean. Merchants Mut. Cas. Co. v. Manzer, 93 N.H. 34, 35 A.2d 392 (1943); Standard Acc. Ins. Co. v. Swift, 92 N.H. 364, 31 A.2d 66 (1943). See also: Liberty Mut. Ins. Co. v. U. S. Fidelity &...