United States v. Addonizio

• Decision Date: 04 June 1979
• Docket Number: No. 78-156,78-156
• Citation: 99 S.Ct. 2235,60 L.Ed.2d 805,442 U.S. 178
• Parties: UNITED STATES, Petitioner, v. Hugh J. ADDONIZIO et al
• Court: U.S. Supreme Court

442 U.S. 178

99 S.Ct. 2235

60 L.Ed.2d 805

UNITED STATES, Petitioner,

v Hugh J. ADDONIZIO et al.

No. 78-156.

Argued March 27, 1979.

Decided June 4, 1979.

Syllabus

Held: A federal prisoner's allegation that a postsentencing change in the policies of the United States Parole Commission has prolonged his actual imprisonment beyond the period intended by the sentencing judge will not support a collateral attack on the original sentence under 28 U.S.C. § 2255. Pp. 184-190.

(a) The claimed error that the judge was incorrect in his assumptions about the future course of parole proceedings does not meet any of the established standards of collateral attack, where there is no claim of a constitutional violation, the sentence imposed was within the statutory limits, and the proceeding was not infected with any error of fact or law of a "fundamental" character that renders the entire proceeding irregular and invalid.The change in Parole Commission policies involved here considering the seriousness of the offense as a significant factor in determining whether a prisoner should be granted parole affected the way in which the court's judgment and sentence would be performed but did not affect the lawfulness of the judgment itself, then or now; and there is no claim that the action taken by the sentencing judge was unconstitutional or was based on misinformation of constitutional magnitude.Davis v. United States, 417 U.S. 333, 94 S.Ct. 2298, 41 L.Ed.2d 109, andUnited States v. Tucker, 404 U.S. 443, 92 S.Ct. 589, 30 L.Ed.2d 592, distinguished.Pp. 2240-2241.

(b) There is no basis for enlarging the grounds for collateral attack to include claims based not on any objectively ascertainable error but on the frustration of the subjective intent of the sentencing judge.Under the present statutory scheme, the judge has no enforceable expectations with respect to the actual release of a sentenced defendant short of his statutory term; and while the judge may have expectations as to when release is likely, the actual decision is not his to make, either at the time of sentencing or later if his expectations are not met.To require the Parole Commission to act in accordance with judicial expectations, and to use collateral attack as a mechanism for ensuring that these expectations are carried out, would substantially undermine the congressional decision to entrust release determinations to the Commission, not the courts, and nothing in § 2255 supports—let alone mandates—such a frustration of congressional intent.Thus, subsequent actions taken by the Parole Commission—whether or not such actions accord with a trial judge's expectations at the time of sentencing do not retroactively affect the validity of the final judgment itself, and do not provide a basis for collateral attack on the sentence pursuant to § 2255. Pp. 187-190.

3 Cir., 573 F.2d 147, reversed.

Frank H. Easterbrook, Washington, D. C., for petitioner.

Michael Edelson, Paterson, N. J., for respondent Addonizio.

Leon J. Greenspan, White Plains, N. Y., for respondents Whelan and Flaherty.

Mr. Justice STEVENSdelivered the opinion of the Court.

Three prisoners have alleged that a postsentencing change in the policies of the United States Parole Commission has prolonged their actual imprisonment beyond the period intended by the sentencing judge.The question presented is whether this type of allegation will support a collateral attack on the original sentence under 28 U.S.C. § 2255.¹We hold that it will not.

I

With respect to the legal issue presented, the claims before us are identical.To bring this issue into sharp focus, we accept for purposes of decision Addonizio's view of the facts and the relevant aspects of the Parole Commission's practices.

After his conviction in the United States District Court for the District of New Jersey, on September 22, 1970, Addonizio was sentenced to 10 years' imprisonment and a fine of $25,000.Factors which led the District Judge to impose that sentence included the serious character of Addonizio's offenses,² and the judge's expectation that exemplary institu- tional behavior would lead to Addonizio's release when he became eligible for parole after serving one-third of his sentence.³The judge did not contemplate that the Parole Com- mission might rely on the seriousness of the offense as a reason for refusing a parole which Addonizio would otherwise receive.

In 1973, the Parole Commission markedly changed its policies.⁴Under its new practices the gravity of the offense became a significant factor in determining whether a prisoner should be granted parole.Addonizio became eligible for parole on July 3, 1975.After hearings, the Parole Commission twice refused to release him, expressly basing its refusal on the serious character of his crimes.⁵

Thereafter, Addonizio invoked the District Court's jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 2255 and moved for resentencing.Following the Third Circuit's decision in United States v. Salerno, 538 F.2d 1005, 1007(1976), the District Court accepted jurisdiction, found that the Parole Commission had not given Addonizio the kind of "meaningful parole hearing" that the judge had anticipated when sentence was imposed, and reduced his sentence to the time already served.The judge stated that he had "anticipated—assuming an appropriate institutional adjustment and good behavior while confined—that [Addonizio] would be actually confined for a period of approximately three and one-half to four years of the ten-year sentence."This "sentencing expectation" was frustrated by the Parole Commission's subsequent adoption of new standards and procedures.

The Court of Appeals affirmed.573 F.2d 147.Because of a conflict with the decision of the Ninth Circuit holding that § 2255 does not give district courts this type of resentencing authority,⁶we granted the Government's petition for certiorari in Addonizio's case and in the consolidated case of two other prisoners in which similar relief was granted.⁷439 U.S. 1045, 99 S.Ct. 719, 58 L.Ed.2d 704.

II

We decide only the jurisdictional issue.We do not consider the Government's alternative argument that the significance of the changes in the Parole Commission's procedures has been exaggerated because it always attached some weight to the character of the offense in processing parole applications.Nor do we have any occasion to consider whether the new guidelines are consistent with the Parole Commission and Reorganization Act of 1976, 90 Stat. 219;⁸ or whether their enforcement may violate the Ex Post Facto Clause of the Constitution.⁹

III

When Congress enacted § 2255 in 1948, it simplified the procedure for making a collateral attack on a final judgment entered in a federal criminal case, but it did not purport to modify the basic distinction between direct review and collateral review.It has, of course, long been settled law that an error that may justify reversal on direct appeal will not necessarily support a collateral attack on a final judgment.¹⁰The reasons for narrowly limiting the grounds for collateral attack on final judgments are well known and basic to our adversary system of justice.¹¹The question in this case is whether an error has occurred that is sufficiently fundamental to come within those narrow limits.

Under § 2255, the sentencing court is authorized to discharge or resentence a defendant if it concludes that it "was without jurisdiction to impose such sentence, or that the sentence was in excess of the maximum authorized by law, or is otherwise subject to collateral attack."This statute was intended to alleviate the burden of habeas corpus petitions filed by federal prisoners in the district of confinement, by providing an equally broad remedy in the more convenient jurisdiction of the sentencing court.United States v. Hayman, 342 U.S. 205, 216-217, 72 S.Ct. 263, 271, 96 L.Ed. 232.

While the remedy is in this sense comprehensive, it does not encompass all claimed errors in conviction and sentencing.Habeas corpus has long been available to attack convictions and sentences entered by a court without jurisdiction.See, e. g., Ex parte Watkins, 3 Pet. 193, 202-203, 7 L.Ed. 650(Marshall, C. J.).In later years, the availability of the writ was expanded to encompass claims of constitutional error as well.SeeWaley v. Johnston, 316 U.S. 101, 104-105, 62 S.Ct. 964, 965-966, 86 L.Ed. 1302;Brown v. Allen, 344 U.S. 443, 73 S.Ct. 397, 97 L.Ed. 469.But unless the claim alleges a lack of jurisdiction or constitutional error, the scope of collateral attack has remained far more limited.Stone v. Powell, 428 U.S. 465, 477 n. 10, 96 S.Ct. 3037, 3044 n. 10, 49 L.Ed.2d 1067.The Court has held that an error of law does not provide a basis for collateral attack unless the claimed error constituted "a fundamental defect which inherently results in a complete miscarriage of justice."Hill v. United States, 368 U.S. 424, 428, 82 S.Ct. 468, 471, 7 L.Ed.2d 417.

Similar limitations apply with respect to claimed errors of fact.The justification for raising such errors in a § 2255 proceeding, as amicus here points out,¹² is that traditionally they could have been raised by a petition for a writ of coram nobis, and thus fall within § 2255's provision for vacating sentences that are "otherwise subject to collateral attack."Butcoram nobis jurisdiction has never encompassed all errors of fact; instead, it was of a limited scope, existing "in those cases where the errors were of the most fundamental character, that is, such as rendered the proceeding itself irregular and invalid."United States v. Mayer, 235 U.S. 55, 69, 35 S.Ct. 16, 19-20, 59 L.Ed. 129.Thus, the writ of coram nobis was "available to bring before the court that pronounced the judgment errors in matters of fact which had not been put in issue or passed upon and were material to the validity and regularity of the legal proceeding itself; as where the defendant, being under...