United States v. Bangiyev, Civil No. 1:14-cr-206

• Decision Date: 14 February 2019
• Docket Number: Civil No. 1:14-cr-206
• Citation: 359 F.Supp.3d 435
• Parties: UNITED STATES of America, v. Arkadiy BANGIYEV and Eduard Bangiyev, Defendants.
• Court: U.S. District Court — Eastern District of Virginia

359 F.Supp.3d 435

UNITED STATES of America,

v.Arkadiy BANGIYEV and Eduard Bangiyev, Defendants.

Civil No. 1:14-cr-206

United States District Court, E.D. Virginia, Alexandria Division.

Signed February 14, 2019

Kimberly Riley Pedersen, Allison Ickovic, Gordon D. Kromberg, Jonathan Scharf, Karen Ledbetter Taylor, United States Attorney's Office, Alexandria, VA, for United States of America

ORDER

Liam O'Grady, United States District Judge

This matter comes before the Court on Defendant Arkadiy Bangiyev's Petition for a Writ of Audita Querela Pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1651, Dkt. 914, and Defendant Eduard Bangiyev's Petition for a Writ of Coram Nobis/Audita Querela. Dkt. 918. For the following reasons the Petitions are denied.

I. Background

From 2004 to 2014, Defendants were the leaders and partners in a counterfeiting scheme that manufactured over $ 70,000,000 in counterfeit currency over an almost ten year period. This Court found that Arkadiy Bangiyev reasonably knew about at least $ 20,000,000 of counterfeit currency as he was involved at the higher levels of the conspiracy and financed some of the operations. Dkt. 736. This Court found that Eduard Bangiyev was also a leader and "knew that between $ 7,000,000 and $ 20,000,000 was generated by the conspiracy." Dkt. 733.

Defendants pleaded guilty to participating in a RICO conspiracy, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1962(d). Dkt. 504, 507. In their plea agreements, Defendants agreed to "waive all constitutional and statutory challenges to forfeiture in any manner (including direct appeal, habeas corpus, or any other means) to any forfeiture carried out in accordance with this Plea Agreement on any grounds, including that the forfeiture constitutes an excessive fine or punishment." Dkt. 505, 507.

Each Defendant contested the loss amount identified in their Presentence Reports and therefore the Court held an evidentiary hearing to establish the loss amount on May 28, 2015. Two of the lead law enforcement agents involved in the case testified and were cross-examined. While the Court was concerned that a portion of coconspirator Loz's statements to the agents were not corroborated (December 2013 shipments to the Bangiyevs), the Court found that other testimony was corroborated and credible, and established that the brothers, partners, and leaders of this counterfeit conspiracy had received between $ 2,500,000 to $ 3,000,000 a month from Loz between 2008 to 2011. This sum equaled $ 30,000,000 to $ 36,000,000 and fully supported the $ 20,000,000 loss figure. Further, each Defendant agreed that the loss figure was $ 7,000,000 to $ 20,000,000. So there is no question that each Defendant obtained $ 20,000,000 in proceeds.

After Defendants were sentenced, Preliminary Orders of Forfeiture were entered against each Defendant on October 27, 2015. Dkt. 730, 733. This was followed by an amended order pertaining to Arkadiy Bangiyev entered October 28, 2015, Dkt. 736, and an amended order pertaining to Eduard Bangiyev entered December 23, 2015. Dkt. 757. No appeal of a forfeiture order was ever filed.

Both Defendants filed motions pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2255 to vacate, set aside, or correct their sentences. Dkt. 781, 800. This Court denied both motions. Dkt. 845, 861. The Fourth Circuit dismissed both appeals. Dkt. 883, 886.

On June 5, 2017, the Supreme Court issued its decision in Honeycutt v. United States. In Honeycutt , the Court held joint and several liability is inconsistent with the statutory language in 21 U.S.C. § 853(a). Honeycutt v. United States , ––– U.S. ––––, 137 S.Ct. 1626, 1633, 198 L.Ed.2d 73 (2017). Under Honeycutt , criminal forfeiture under § 853(a) is limited to "proceeds the person obtained." Id. The Court went on to clarify that only persons in control of distributing the criminal proceeds in a conspiracy can be found to have "obtained" all the tainted property produced by the criminal enterprise such that they could be held liable for more than the property they physically possessed. Id.

In 2018, the Fourth Circuit extended Honeycutt to apply to 18 U.S.C. § 982, a general forfeiture statute with substantially similar language to the statute at issue in Honeycutt. United States v. Chittenden , 896 F.3d 633, 640 (4th Cir. 2018).

Defendants' forfeitures were entered under 18 U.S.C. § 1963. Although this is not the statute that was at issue in either Honeycutt or Chittenden , Defendants argue the language of the statute is substantively identical to the relevant statutory language in Honeycutt and Chittenden. Therefore, Defendants argue that as in Honeycutt and Chittenden , their forfeiture orders cannot be premised on joint and several liability.

Defendants have petitioned for writs of audita querela , asking the Court to vacate the Amended Preliminary Forfeiture Order and to resentence them in light of Honeycutt. The Government opposes the Petitions, arguing (1) a defendant may only challenge forfeiture on direct appeal, (2) Defendants waived their rights to challenge their forfeiture orders in the language of their plea agreement, (3) a writ of audita querela is not available, (4) Honeycutt does not apply retroactively, and (5) even if Honeycutt did apply retroactively it would not preclude joint and several liability in this case. The Court will take each of these arguments in turn.

II. Analysis

A. A defendant must challenge forfeiture on direct appeal

If a defendant wishes to challenge a forfeiture order entered against him, he must file an appeal within fourteen days of entry of the order. FED. R. APP. P. 4(b). Forfeiture may only be challenged on direct appeal. United States v. Filice , 2018 WL 2326616, at *2 (E.D. Ky. May 22, 2018) ; see also United States v. Alquza , 2017 WL 4451146, at *2 (W.D.N.C. Sept. 21, 2017), aff'd per curiam , 722 F. App'x 348 (4th Cir. 2018) ("Defendant did not timely—or ever—file a direct appeal of the forfeiture orders incorporated into the Amended Judgment, and the time for doing so has now expired. Thus, the forfeiture orders against Defendant are final."). In an unpublished, per curiam opinion the Fourth Circuit endorsed the idea that a motion brought to adjust a forfeiture order under Honeycutt is untimely if it is not brought in a direct appeal. United States v. Alquza , 722 F. App'x 348, 349 (4th Cir. 2018) (per curiam).

Here, neither Defendant challenged his forfeiture on a direct appeal. Further, the time for a direct appeal has run. Defendants' challenges to their forfeiture orders are untimely.

B. Defendants waived their rights to challenge the forfeiture order

Courts consistently uphold waivers of the right to challenge forfeiture when the waiver was knowingly and voluntarily made. See, e.g., Filice , 2018 WL 2326616, at *2. A waiver of the right to challenge forfeiture is binding even if the order would be improper under Honeycutt if issued today. See United States v. Yancey , 707 F. App'x 342, 344 n.1 (6th Cir. 2017) ("[T]he question in this appeal is not whether the forfeiture was proper and our analysis is unchanged even if it was not. [Defendant's] sentence, including the forfeiture order, was final in February 2014, upon the expiration of his time for direct appeal. The question here is whether [defendant] waived his challenge to that (presumptively improper) order. And the answer is that he did.").

Defendants point to language in the plea agreement that states "the Court has jurisdiction and authority to impose any sentence within the statutory maximum." Dkt. 505, 507. Defendants emphasize that the forfeiture waiver is expressly limited to "forfeiture carried out in accordance with this plea agreement." Id. Defendants argue that according to the holding in Honeycutt their forfeitures exceed the statutory maximum, and therefore are not in accordance with the plea agreement. This argument fails because there is no statutory maximum or maximum penalty for forfeiture. United States v. Day , 700 F.3d 713, 732-33 (4th Cir. 2012) ; United States v. Alamoudi , 452 F.3d 310, 314 (4th Cir. 2006) ("[T]here is no statutory (or guideline) maximum limit on forfeitures. Rather, criminal forfeitures are indeterminate and open-ended ....").

Defendants entered into plea agreements in which they knowingly and voluntarily waived their rights to challenge forfeiture. The forfeitures did not exceed the statutory maximum or maximum penalty and so the waiver applies.

C. The writ of audita querela is not available

The All Writs Act, 28 U.S.C. § 1651, provides that courts "may issue all writs necessary or appropriate in aid of their respective jurisdictions and agreeable to the usages and principles of law." Common-law writs under the All Writs Act survive "to the extent that they fill ‘gaps’ in the current system of postconviction relief." United States v. Valdez-Pacheco , 237 F.3d 1077, 1079 (2001).

Defendants argue a writ of audita querela is appropriate in this case because Honeycutt represents a substantive change in settled law that provides a new legal objection to their forfeitures, and they have no other remedy available, as forfeiture cannot be attacked collaterally under 28 U.S.C. § 2255. Defendants rely on United States v. Crews , No. 10-633-04, DE:607 (E.D. Pa. Jan. 23, 2018), a case in which the Eastern District of Pennsylvania applied Honeycutt retroactively and granted a writ of audita querela after a forfeiture judgment. However, in Crews the government conceded that the rule announced in Honeycutt was a substantive rule that has retroactive effect (although later in the case it attempted to reverse its position) and the defendant preserved the forfeiture issue by raising it on appeal. Id. at 2 n.1. Here, the government has made no such concession and Defendants did not appeal their forfeitures.

As described in more detail below, this Court does not find that the rule announced in Honeycutt was substantive and should be applied retroactively. As Honeycutt does not provide a justification to adjust Defendants' forfeitures, there has...