United States v. Barone

• Decision Date: 26 September 1972
• Docket Number: 72-1477.,Dockets 72-1476,No. 857-858,857-858
• Citation: 467 F.2d 247
• Parties: UNITED STATES of America, Appellee, v. Bruno BARONE and Louis DiBuono, Appellants.
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — Second Circuit

467 F.2d 247 (1972)

UNITED STATES of America, Appellee, v. Bruno BARONE and Louis DiBuono, Appellants.

Nos. 857-858, Dockets 72-1476, 72-1477.

United States Court of Appeals, Second Circuit.

Argued June 15, 1972.

Decided September 26, 1972.

Maurice M. McDermott, Asst. U.S. Atty. (Whitney North Seymour, Jr., U.S. Atty., S. D. New York, Jeffrey Harris, John W. Nields, Jr., Asst. U.S. Attys., on the brief), for appellee.

H. Elliot Wales, New York City (Vincent W. Lanna, Yonkers, N. Y., on the brief), for appellants.

Before KAUFMAN, HAYS and OAKES, Circuit Judges.

HAYS, Circuit Judge.

Appellant Barone was convicted by a jury in the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York of three counts of transmitting wagering information in interstate commerce, 18 U.S.C. § 1084 (1970),¹ and one count of conspiracy to violate that section. Appellant DiBuono was convicted only on a conspiracy count; two substantive counts involving him were dismissed by the trial court, and the jury acquitted him on two others. Appellants challenge the sufficiency of the evidence to support their convictions and a portion of the court's charge to the jury, and claim that their federal trials were barred by prior guilty pleas to state gambling offenses. In addition, Barone claims that certain inculpatory statements taken from him after his indictment, in the absence of counsel, were improperly admitted in evidence.

The Government's proof revealed a scheme that enabled persons wishing to place illegal bets to call answering services run by women in private apartments. The bettor would leave his telephone number, and periodically someone known only by the code name "Mr. Oscar" would call the answering service to get the telephone numbers of the persons who had called. "Oscar" would then telephone the bettors and complete the transaction. These facts were established by the testimony of several of the women who ran the answering services and a woman who had placed bets with one of them.

The evidence against DiBuono was that he had made the arrangements for getting a Patricia Benabe and an Elizabeth Lupi started in the answering service business in an apartment in Harrison, New York. From time to time he paid their salaries and he brought them twin double tickets for processing connected with his betting operations. DiBuono concedes that within the meaning of 18 U.S.C. § 1084 he "engaged in the business of betting or wagering." His contention on appeal is that there is no evidence that he had the knowledge, required to support a conspiracy conviction, that the conspiracy would include transmissions in interstate commerce. Cf. United States v. Vilhotti, 452 F.2d 1186, 1189-1190 (2d Cir. 1971), cert. denied, Maloney v. United States, 405 U.S. 1041, 92 S.Ct. 1314, 31 L.Ed.2d 582 (1972), and cases cited there.

The evidence against Barone was more extensive. He paid the rent on the apartment at which Mrs. Benabe and Mrs. Lupi ran their answering service. Mrs. Lupi testified that Barone's voice was the same as "Mr. Oscar's." Barone was also acquainted with a Marjorie Falco, who ran an answering service similar to that of Mrs. Benabe and Mrs. Lupi. On a few occasions he used her telephone, and once he paid her telephone bill. At the time of his arrest he admitted being in the gambling business, and there was proof of interstate telephone calls to the Falco answering service.

The evidence was clearly sufficient to support Barone's conviction on each of the counts of which he was found guilty.

We find, however, that the evidence against DiBuono is insufficient to support his conviction. The appellants and the Government both assume, and we agree, that a conviction of conspiracy to violate 18 U.S.C. § 1084 requires a showing that the defendant knew or could reasonably foresee that interstate communication would be used in furtherance of the plan of action. See United States v. Vilhotti, supra. The district judge denied DiBuono's post-trial motion for judgment of acquittal on the conspiracy count on the ground that the proximity of the Benabe-Lupi answering service to the borders of Connecticut and New Jersey was sufficient to allow "the jury to find that the interstate element was anticipated by the conspirators." We cannot agree, at least on the facts of this case, that mere geographical location will supply the element of knowledge. None of our cases has gone so far. See United States v. Corallo, 413 F.2d 1306 (2d Cir.), cert. denied, 396 U.S. 958, 90 S.Ct. 431, 24 L.Ed.2d 422 (1969); United States v. Marquez, 424 F.2d 236, 239 (2d Cir.), cert. denied, 400 U.S. 828, 91 S.Ct. 56, 27 L.Ed.2d 58 (1970); United States v. Caci, 401 F.2d 664, 669 (2d Cir. 1968), vacated on other grounds, Randaccio v. United States, 394 U.S. 310, 89 S.Ct. 1163, 22 L.Ed.2d 297 (1969); United States v. Cordo, 186 F.2d 144, 147 (2d Cir.), cert. denied, Minkoff v. United States, 340 U.S. 952, 71 S.Ct. 572, 95 L.Ed. 686 (1951); United States v. Crimmins, 123 F.2d 271, 273 (2d Cir. 1941).

In the present case there was no showing that DiBuono knew that interstate telephone calls would be made. The only evidence of an actual interstate phone call to the Benabe-Lupi answering service, the only service with which DiBuono was shown to have any connection, was the subject of count five of the indictment, of which both appellants were acquitted.

Appellant Barone argues that the admission of inculpatory statements taken from him...