United States v. Bumphus, 17-CO-441
| Decision Date | 25 February 2021 |
| Docket Number | No. 17-CO-441,17-CO-441 |
| Citation | 245 A.3d 960 (Mem) |
| Parties | UNITED STATES, Appellant, v. James BUMPHUS, Appellee. |
| Court | D.C. Court of Appeals |
On consideration of appellant's petition for rehearing or rehearing en banc , appellee's opposition to appellant's petition for rehearing or rehearing en banc , and it appearing that a majority of the judges of this court who are in regular active service and who are not disqualified has not voted to grant the petition for rehearing en banc , it is
ORDERED by the merits division* that appellant's petition for rehearing is denied. It is
FURTHER ORDERED that appellant's petition for rehearing en banc is denied.
EASTERLY, Associate Judge, concurring in the denial of the petition for rehearing en banc:
When an individual declines to give the police consent to search their car, a reasonably well-trained officer knows that, if he has probable cause to believe the car contains contraband, he can search the car without consent and without a warrant. A reasonably well-trained officer also knows he can go to a judge—outside of business hours, if need be—and get a warrant. The officer in this case, a sergeant with thirteen years of experience, did neither of these things. As the trial court found, he had no credible, justifiable reason for not searching Mr. Bumphus's car on the night he seized it or in the days that followed.
(As the trial court also found, the officer similarly lacked a credible, justifiable reason for holding Mr. Bumphus in handcuffs for two and a half hours on the night of the seizure.) The officer demonstrated not "the slightest shred of diligence" and expressed "outright disregard for the adverse effect such a delay might have on the [significant] possessory interests of [a] vehicle's owners." The implication was that the officer had "waited" to conduct the search in order to withhold the car and its contents (including Mr. Bumphus's wife's purse and cellphone, and his child's backpack, "things" the trial court observed "many people would consider necessities of daily life") from Mr. Bumphus. In other words, this was delay for delay's sake.
The Fourth Amendment only authorizes reasonable searches and seizures by government agents. A search that is delayed for no reason and without resort to any process is, perforce, not a reasonable search under the Fourth Amendment—a proposition the government conceded in the trial court and does not dispute in its petition for rehearing. Just because no other court appears to have issued a factually analogous decision does not make our court's opinion affirming the trial court's suppression ruling legally groundbreaking, much less a misguided extension of Fourth Amendment principles. To the contrary, legitimizing this officer's manifestly unreasonable conduct would clearly run afoul of the Fourth Amendment, and suspending the application of the exclusionary rule on these facts would unjustifiably undermine its protections. Rehearing or rehearing en banc for either purpose is rightly denied.
For the reasons stated in his dissent from the opinion issued by the division, Senior Judge Fisher dissents from the denial of the petition for rehearing. He is not authorized to vote on the petition for rehearing en banc.
Thompson, Associate Judge, dissenting from the denial of the petition for rehearing en banc:
For the reasons set out in Judge Fisher's dissent from the Division opinion, I dissent from denial of the petition for rehearing en banc. I note also that the result the Division upheld was particularly unwarranted given that it was Mr. Bumphus who initially caused the delay in searching his car by "thr[owing] his keys to an unidentified person who left the scene," 227 A.3d at 561, and then saying, "no" when the officer "repeatedly asked him for the keys." He should not be rewarded for that obstructionist behavior by suppression of the gun.
McLeese, Associate Judge, dissenting from the denial of the petition for rehearing en banc:
It appears to be undisputed that the police lawfully seized Mr. Bumphus's car without a warrant, based on probable cause to believe that Mr. Bumphus illegally possessed a firearm in the car. United States v. Bumphus , 227 A.3d 559, 561 n.1 (D.C. 2020). After obtaining a warrant, the police searched the car and discovered a firearm. Id. at 562. The court holds that evidence of the discovery of the firearm must be suppressed, because the police violated the Fourth Amendment by waiting approximately four days (which included a weekend) before obtaining a warrant to search the car. Id. at 563-71. In my view, the court incorrectly decides two exceptionally important legal issues and fails to follow binding contrary authority. I therefore respectfully dissent from the denial of the petition for rehearing en banc.
First, I do not agree that the four-day period between the seizure and the search in this case was unreasonable under the Fourth Amendment. I am aware of no decision finding a remotely comparable delay to be constitutionally unreasonable. The cases relied upon by the court involve delays that range from well over a year to twenty days. Bumphus , 227 A.3d at 565 n.7. Courts addressing delays comparable to that in this case appear to have consistently held that the delays were not constitutionally unreasonable. See, e.g. , United States v. Johns , 469 U.S. 478, 479-88, 105 S.Ct. 881, 83 L.Ed.2d 890 (1985) (); United States v. Howard , 991 F.2d 195, 197, 202 (5th Cir. 1993) (...
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