United States v. Burka, 6261.

• Decision Date: 27 March 1972
• Docket Number: No. 6261.,6261.
• Citation: 289 A.2d 376
• Parties: UNITED STATES, Petitioner, v. Honorable Alfred BURKA, Associate Judge, Superior Court of the District of Columbia, Respondent.
• Court: D.C. Court of Appeals

289 A.2d 376

UNITED STATES, Petitioner, v. Honorable Alfred BURKA, Associate Judge, Superior Court of the District of Columbia, Respondent.

No. 6261.

District of Columbia Court of Appeals.

Argued January 27, 1972.

Decided March 27, 1972.

Richard L. Cys, Asst. U. S. Atty., with whom Harold H. Titus, Jr., U. S. Atty., John A. Terry, John F. Evans, and Richard S. Shine, Asst. U. S. Attys., were on brief, for petitioner. Asst. U. S. Attys. Earl J. Silbert, James F. McMullin and Paul L. Friedman also entered appearances for petitioner.

William W. Greenhalgh, Washington, D. C., for respondent.

Before GALLAGHER, NEBEKER and YEAGLEY, Associate Judges.

NEBEKER, Associate Judge:

This original petition for a writ in the nature of mandamus presents a question which goes to the heart of the integrity of the judiciary. Access to a complete transcript of criminal proceedings has been denied the prosecution. In addition, further hearing "on the record" respecting the transcriapt has been refused. The petition also seeks to enjoin future limitation on access to court records. It appears from the material before us that some of the transcript may contain critical or unflattering comments by respondent.

The United States Attorney's office made oral and written requests to the court reporter, with proper authorization for payment, in seeking a copy of the desired transcript. The transcript was not received evidently because the trial judge issued an order which stated that the court reporter was "not to prepare the transcript until the Court had determined if daily copy was necessary", and that "the government was not entitled to the transcript in any event, unless good cause [was] shown." An "Addendum to Order" stated:

. . . [T]he Court again denies the request for transcript and calls to the attention of the U. S. Attorney and counsel for defense in all cases that the profligate and spurious practice of ordering unneeded transcripts will not be tolerated by this Court."¹

At issue in this petition is the question of whether the trial judge may sequester transcripts of proceedings from inspection by one of the parties. Public access to such proceedings is necessarily a part of this important question.

The Government argues that the guidelines set forth in the Superior Court Civil Rules of Procedure regarding transcriptions of court proceedings and their availability should also apply to criminal proceedings. Civil Rule 201(a) compels the court to record all proceedings held in open court.² Section (b) of Rule 201 provides for access by any person to transcripts of such proceedings upon payment of the specified fee.³ The Government argues that these civil proceeding standards should also apply to criminal proceedings through the language of Criminal Rule 57. Rule 57(a) describes certain civil rules that are directly applicable to criminal proceedings. Although Civil Rule 201 is not specifically mentioned therein, the Government urges that section (b) of Criminal Rule 57 should be used to incorporate Civil Rule 201⁴ Whatever may be said of the strength of this argument it is not possible to conclude that the contrary was intended by the District of Columbia courts when acting in their rule-making capacity under D.C.Code 1967, § 11-946 (Supp. IV, 1971). Certainly it could not have been intended to generally empower anyone to deny a transcript of a criminal proceeding to one able to purchase or otherwise insure payment for it. The inadvertent failure to include Civil Rule 201(a) by reference into the criminal rules by listing it in Criminal Rule 57(a) will not operate to make criminal proceedings less subject to exposure than other judicial proceedings.⁵ The general nature of our form of government requires the highest degree of public exposure to trial court proceedings.

The Government also suggests that the provisions of 28 U.S.C. § 753 (1970)⁶ (dealing with federal court reporters) should control the Superior Court's practices absent clear modification of the Superior Court's procedures to indicate otherwise. D.C.Code 1967, § 11-946 (Supp. IV, 1971) and prior case law developments dealing with the then Court of General Sessions would support this contention, particularly in view of a general effort to afford equal procedural safeguards in the federal and District of Columbia courts. See Lee v. Habib, 137 U.S.App.D.C. 403, 414-416, 424 F.2d 891, 902-904 (1970); Tate v. United States, 123 U.S.App.D.C. 261, 270, 359 F.2d 245, 254 (1966). Moreover, it is obviously the intent of Congress to maintain the highest degree of access to all Superior Court proceedings. Not only does the Court Reorganization Act provide for appointment of court reporters by the Executive Officer, but it also provides "[w]hen necessary" that additional temporary reporting services be contracted for and that sound recordings of proceedings may be used in lieu of usual methods "in any branch, division or courtroom of the court." See D.C.Code 1967, § 11-1727(a) (Supp. IV, 1971). In addition, the Executive Officer shall make the records of the court "available at all reasonable times". See D. C. Code 1967, § 11-1745(b) (Supp. IV, 1971).

These arguments are consistent with the underlying policy firmly rooted in our judicial system that courtroom proceedings must be public and open.⁷ It is only where special circumstances exist (e. g., trade secrets, state secrets, and certain types of family proceedings) that trial courts have been allowed to close their records to the public. Even then, transcripts of such procedings have usually been made available to the parties.⁸

As early as 1894 the Court of Appeals of the District of Columbia addressed itself to the problems found in not allowing public access to judicial proceedings. In Ex parte Drawbaugh, 2 App.D.C. 404 (1894), the court held that litigation involving the registration of a patent could not be conducted in secrecy in spite of Patent Office rules preventing public disclosure in registration. The court said:

". . . [A]ny attempt to maintain secrecy, as to the records of the court, would seem to be inconsistent with the common understanding of what belongs to a public court of record, to which all persons have the right of access, and to its records, according to long established usage and practice." Id. at 407-408.

The Superior Court of the District of Columbia is a court of record. See D.C.Code 1967, § 11-901 (Supp. IV, 1971).

More recently the problem of excluding the public from court proceedings was presented in a California case involving a newspaper's attempt to gain access to certain closed-door sessions of a criminal proceeding. Oxnard Publishing Co. v. Superior Court of Ventura County, 68 Cal.Rptr. 83 (Cal.Ct.App.1968). In describing the policy underlying the purpose of a "public trial", the rights of the general public were stressed as being of great The court stated:

"A properly-conducted public trial, in addition to serving the interest of the accused and his connections and the interest of the victim and his connections, maintains the confidence of the community in the honesty of its institutions, in the competence of its public officers, in the impartiality of its judges, and in the capacity of its criminal law to do justice. Public trial has been a basic tenet of our legal heritage, at least since the abolition of the Star Chamber three hundred years ago. Secrecy, on the other hand, is the antithesis of the orderly operation of a public institution, breeding either suspicion, distrust, rumor, and outrage, or apathy, indifference, and neglect." Id. at 91.

Such considerations are even more extant in high-volume courts with maximum public contact. If the proceedings must be public, then the same is true of the record.

In this connection, we deem it highly inappropriate and unwise for trial judges ever to "go off the record", in the sense of having no reporter present or having recordation temporarily cease, when discussing any aspect of a pending case. To the extent that this may limit chamber conferences or bench conferences and require the trial judge to limit the extent of remarks motivated by personal feelings or reactions, this admonition, when followed, can have nothing but a salutary effect. Not just the need for public scrutiny, but also the possibility of appellate review, demands that everything said in court while in litigation be recorded and reported except in the most unusual circumstances. A good rule of thumb is that if a judge's comment should not be recorded and reported it should not have been said in the first place. Judicial power may...