United States v. Calamaro, 11846.

• Decision Date: 11 July 1956
• Docket Number: No. 11846.,11846.
• Citation: 236 F.2d 182
• Parties: UNITED STATES of America v. Victor CALAMARO, Appellant.
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — Third Circuit

236 F.2d 182 (1956)

UNITED STATES of America v. Victor CALAMARO, Appellant.

No. 11846.

United States Court of Appeals Third Circuit.

Argued May 24, 1956.

Decided July 11, 1956.

Certiorari Granted October 15, 1956.

Raymond J. Bradley, Philadelphia, Pa., (Thomas D. McBride, McBride, von Moschzisker & Bradley, Philadelphia, Pa., on the brief), for appellant.

Norman C. Henss, Asst. U. S. Atty., Philadelphia, Pa. (W. Wilson White, U. S. Atty., Philadelphia, Pa., on the brief), for appellee.

Before McLAUGHLIN, KALODNER and HASTIE, Circuit Judges.

Certiorari Granted October 15, 1956. See 77 S.Ct. 97.

HASTIE, Circuit Judge.

The special occupational tax, recently imposed on gamblers by Section 471(a) of the Revenue Act of 1951, 65 Stat. 531, 26 U.S.C. § 3285 et seq., and the attendant criminal sanctions are bringing bizarre problems to the national courts. Witness the present appeal, which turns on a question of job classification in the so-called numbers racket.

The legislative scheme makes a person, who engages in a type of gambling activity which is taxable under Section 3290 of Title 26 of the United States Code without having paid the tax, guilty of a crime under Section 3294(a) of that Title. Such a conviction has led to this appeal.

The first question presented is whether the district court erred in not directing an acquittal on the ground that the proved conduct of the accused did not make him liable to the gambler's tax. In terms, Section 3290 imposes a special occupational tax not only on the entrepreneur "who is engaged in the business of accepting wagers" but also on one "who is engaged in receiving wagers for" such an entrepreneur.

The evidence revealed appellant Calamaro as a very minor functionary in the conduct of that illegal type of lottery called the numbers game. It is conceded that he is not "engaged in the business of accepting wagers" within the meaning of the statute.¹ But the court below thought Calamaro's activity, as proved, amounted to "receiving wagers" within the meaning of Section 3290. Whether that conclusion is correct must be decided in the light of what the record shows about the organization of this illegal business and the specific role played by appellant.

From the evidence we learn that an operating center for numbers play is called a "bank". Each day the written notations of the many "plays", showing how much each bettor has wagered and upon what number or numbers, are channeled into the bank for recordation and appropriate action. In due season the bank also disburses sums won by the relatively few bettors upon whose illegal chance-taking fortune has smiled. But neither in placing his wager nor in collecting, if he wins, does the bettor visit the bank or establish direct contact with the headquarters operation. Rather, he places his wager with one of many scattered field operatives called "writers". We are told that the "writing" procedure is standardized in that the "writer" records each wager in triplicate on standard slips; one for the bettor, a duplicate to be retained by the writer, and a third or action copy, identified by its yellow color, for the bank.

But the writer does not come into personal contact with the bank any more than does the bettor. The "numbers banker", even as bankers and brokers in reputable commerce, employs salaried runners and messengers. These couriers are called "pick-up men." It is the duty of a pick-up man to make a daily round of writers, collect yellow slips from them and carry these items to the bank.

Calamaro was a salaried pick-up man. He was intercepted, apparently inbound on his appointed round, by an alert police officer and found to have on his person telltale numbers paraphernalia; to wit, notations of bets recorded on yellow slips, such as already have been described. His conduct became a matter of concern to the federal authorities upon discovery that he was going about his illegal work without having rendered unto Caesar any Section 3290 tribute. Whether that section applied to him as a pick-up man, is the present issue.

In normal usage of familiar language, "receiving wagers" is what someone on the "banking" side of gambling does in dealing with a bettor. Placing and receiving a wager are opposite sides of a single coin. You can't have one without the other.² Before the pick-up man enters the picture, in such a case as we have here, the wager has been received physically by the writer and, in legal contemplation, by the writer's principal as well. The government recognizes — and in an appropriate case no doubt would insist — that what the writer does in relation to the bettor amounts to "receiving a wager." Thus, the government has to argue that the wager is received a second time when the writer hands the yellow slip to the pick-up man. But we think this ignores the very real difference between a wager and a record of a wagering transaction. It is the banking record and not the wager which the pick-up man receives from the writer and transmits to the bank. The pick-up man no more receives wagers than a messenger, who carries records of customer transactions from a branch bank to a central office, receives deposits.

Recognizing this analytical difficulty, the government argues in generality that all who participate on the banking side of the numbers game may be viewed as receiving wagers. But this is an enlargement of the meaning of ordinary language used by Congress beyond ordinary usage and understanding. Certainly, such enlargement is not justified when the matter in issue is the scope of a statutory duty, compliance with which is enforced by a criminal sanction.

In reaching this conclusion we are aware that we are disagreeing with the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit which, in Sagonias v. United States, 1955, 223 F.2d 146, upheld the conviction of a pick-up man in a case indistinguishable from this one. Three sentences in the Sagonias opinion state its rationale:

"* * * The primary purpose of the statute as a whole was to produce revenue by subjecting commercialized gambling to taxation. Its provisions clearly indicate that the special tax applies to the principal or proprietor and all persons who were knowingly engaged or used by him to receive wagers. While the express wording of Section 3290 does not include other employees directly involved in the operation, we think it would be inconsistent with the purpose of the statute to tax those who physically receive the wagers and exempt those whose

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