United States v. Corsi, 308.
| Decision Date | 30 March 1933 |
| Docket Number | No. 308.,308. |
| Citation | 63 F.2d 757 |
| Parties | UNITED STATES ex rel. ZAFFARANO v. CORSI, Commissioner of Immigration. |
| Court | U.S. Court of Appeals — Second Circuit |
John B. Coppola, of New York City, for appellant.
George Z. Medalie, U. S. Atty., of New York City (William Jay Hoff, Asst. U. S. Atty., of New York City, of counsel), for appellee.
Before L. HAND, SWAN, and AUGUSTUS N. HAND, Circuit Judges.
The relator is an alien of Italian nationality who entered the United States as a very young child nearly thirty years ago and has remained here ever since. He is held for deportation under section 19 of the Immigration Act of 1917 (8 USCA § 155) on the charge of having been twice convicted of a crime involving moral turpitude and sentenced on each conviction to imprisonment for a term of more than one year. One conviction, in 1927, was for the crime of attempted forgery; the other, in 1928, for assault in the second degree under N. Y. Penal Law (Consol. Laws, c. 40) § 242. For the latter offense, the relator received the maximum sentence, imprisonment for five years. Upon this appeal the only error urged is refusal to sustain the writ upon the ground that second degree assault does not necessarily involve moral turpitude.
We have heretofore held that, in determining whether the crime of which an alien stands convicted is one "involving moral turpitude," neither the immigration officials nor the courts sitting in review of their action may go beyond the record of conviction. United States ex rel. Meyer v. Day (C. C. A.) 54 F.(2d) 336, 337; United States ex rel. Robinson v. Day (C. C. A.) 51 F.(2d) 1022, and cases there cited. They must look only to the inherent nature of the crime or to the facts charged in the indictment upon which the alien was convicted, to find the moral turpitude requisite for deportation for this cause. In the case at bar the indictment is not in the record. Proof of the alien's conviction and sentence was made by his admissions at the hearing before the immigrant inspector and by a certificate of the clerk of Bronx County Court to the effect that the relator was indicted, tried, and found guilty of "the crime of assault in the second degree," and sentenced to state prison for a period of five years. Hence the order of deportation can be supported only if moral turpitude is inherent in second degree assault.
It has frequently been said that a mere assault does not involve moral turpitude. See United States ex rel. Valenti v. Karmuth, 1 F.Supp. 370, 376 (D. C., N. D. N. Y.); Ciambelli ex rel. Maranci v. Johnson, 12 F.(2d) 465 (D. C. Mass.); United States ex rel. Griffo v. McCandless, 28 F.(2d) 287, 288 (D. C., E. D. Pa.); Ex parte George, 180 F. 785, 786 (D. C., N. D. Ala.). In New York there are first, second, and third degree assaults. Section 242, N. Y. Penal Law, defines assaults of the second degree in five subdivisions. Many of the crimes so defined plainly involved moral turpitude. It is conceded that assault with a dangerous weapon would be of this character. See United States ex rel. Ciccerelli v. Curran, 12 F.(2d) 394 (C. C. A. 2); Weedin v. Tayokichi Yamada, 4 F.(2d) 455, 457 (C. C. A. 9); United States ex rel. Morlacci v. Smith, 8 F.(2d) 663 (D. C., W. D. N. Y.). Cf. United States ex rel. Mazzillo v. Day, 15 F.(2d) 391 (D. C., S. D. N. Y.). But this is not true of all assaults included within the section. Subdivision 5 makes guilty of second degree assault one who "assaults another with intent to commit a felony, or to prevent or resist the execution of any lawful process or mandate of any court or officer, or the lawful apprehension or detention of himself, or of any other person."
Under this provision a man may be convicted for putting forth the mildest form of intentional resistance against an officer attempting to serve lawful process, levy an execution on goods, or apprehend or detain the accused or another. See People v. Barber, 74 Hun, 368, 26 N. Y. S. 417; People v. Cooper (1884) 3 N. Y. Cr. R. 117. Such conduct, though usually meriting punishment more severe than that prescribed for a simple assault upon a private person not acting in an official capacity, does not necessarily denote moral depravity in our opinion. Cf. Ciambelli ex rel. Maranci v. Johnson, 12 F. (2d) 465, 466 (D. C. Mass.). Since the indictment was not before the immigration officials, they knew nothing as to the specific charge upon which the relator was convicted. It may have involved moral turpitude, or it may not. The gravity of the punishment is not controlling. See United States ex rel. Mongiovi v. Karnuth, 30 F.(2d) 825 (D. C., W. D. N. Y.). The fact that the relator was a second offender, or the particular circumstances under which he acted, may have affected the punishment meted out. But this is not important; the crime committed must itself involve moral turpitude. Hence we think the record is insufficient to support the action of the immigration officials in ordering deportation.
It is quite possible, however, that, if the indictment had been before them, it would have disclosed that the crime of...
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