United States v. DeVerse
Decision Date | 19 July 1972 |
Docket Number | No. 71-1741.,71-1741. |
Citation | 464 F.2d 80 |
Parties | UNITED STATES of America, Appellee, v. William DeVERSE, Appellant. |
Court | U.S. Court of Appeals — Eighth Circuit |
Robert Hickel, Clayton, Mo., for appellant.
John A. Newton, Asst. U. S. Atty., St. Louis, Mo., for appellee.
Before VOGEL, LAY and BRIGHT, Circuit Judges.
Defendant-appellant, William DeVerse, was convicted by a jury upon a one-count indictment charging him and three other persons with the robbery of a federally insured savings and loan association and with placing the life of one of its employees in jeopardy, in violation of 18 U.S.C.A. § 2113(a) and (d).1 Appellant was sentenced to twenty-five years' confinement. Two of appellant's co-defendants, Carlos Scruggs and Reginald Chambers, were jointly tried and convicted of the same offense.2 The convictions were affirmed, but remanded for resentencing. Scruggs v. United States, 8 Cir., 1971, 450 F.2d 359. Appellant's third co-defendant, Charles Washington, pleaded guilty to the offense, and died on August 24, 1971.
On appeal, appellant raises contentions under the following broad headings:
The robbery in question occurred shortly after noon on October 23, 1970. Three disguised men entered the Pulaski Savings & Loan Association wielding various weapons, including a sawed-off shotgun. While in the bank, one of the robbers threatened Miss Jackie Agnew, a bank teller, by stating, The three robbers left the bank building and escaped in a light-colored car driven by a fourth person. One of the witnesses testified that the get-away car had three numbers painted on the front windshield, the last two being 9 and 5. She stated the first was either a 2 or 5, making the figure either 295 or 595.
Roosevelt Davis, an employee of a used car lot, testified that Washington, accompanied by the appellant, came to his apartment the morning of the robbery. Washington, in appellant's presence, offered Davis $100.00 for the use of his car. Davis accepted, but Washington and appellant could not start the car. With the assistance of Davis, the car was started and they then proceeded to a car sales lot at which Davis was employed. At the lot, Davis selected a 1961 Buick Special, gave the keys to Washington to "test drive it" and observed Washington pick up appellant, who had been waiting by Davis' car.
Charles Forister, a detective for the St. Louis Police Department, testified that at about 11:45 A.M. of October 23, 1970, he observed two young black males pass his patrol car in a 1961 Buick compact four-door having the figures "295" on the windshield. Forister and his partner received a call over the radio at 12:14 P.M. concerning the robbery. Some ten minutes later a description of the hold-up car was released. Forister subsequently went to the apartment complex to which they had seen the car heading, discovering it in a breezeway between two apartment buildings. Roosevelt Davis identified the car as the one he had given to Washington. Washington was arrested on October 25th.
Subsequent to the arrest of Washington, on Monday, October 26th, agents of the FBI attempted to arrest Carlos Scruggs at his apartment. In an apartment across the breezeway from Scruggs' apartment numerous articles of clothing and a metal clyinder were discovered. The clothing was identified as being similar in nature to that used in the robbery. On November 3, 1970, Chambers was arrested with a shotgun on his person. The cylinder found in the apartment fairly closely matched the shotgun found on Chambers.
Mrs. Veronica Washington, widow of defendant Charles Washington, testified that two days before the robbery and in her presence DeVerse was asked by Washington, "Man, have you all the stuff?" DeVerse replied, "Just don't worry about us." Mrs. Washington said that every time her husband spoke of "stuff" or "money" he got into trouble. Washington replied to her that, "* * * We getting ready to come into some big money."
Appellant went to see Mrs. Washington twice after Washington was arrested. On the second occasion, the following conversation took place between appellant and Mrs. Washington:
At the close of the government's case, appellant moved for a judgment of acquittal, which the trial court denied.
In Tanner v. United States, 8 Cir., 1968, 401 F.2d 281, at page 285, cert. denied, 1969, 393 U.S. 1109, 89 S.Ct. 922, 21 L.Ed.2d 806, this court stated:
In the instant case, an executive officer of the Pulaski Savings & Loan Association produced the insurance certificate issued by the Federal Savings and Loan Insurance Corporation to the bank. Additionally, evidence was tendered to the effect that the insurance premium had been paid as of the date of the robbery. As noted previously, Miss Jackie Agnew testified that one of the robbers threatened her with a gun. These facts are sufficient to establish the elements charged. Scruggs v. United States, supra, 450 F.2d 359; United States v. Phillips, 9 Cir., 1970, 427 F.2d 1035, cert. denied, 1970, 400 U.S. 867, 91 S.Ct. 108, 27 L.Ed.2d 106; United States v. Thompson, 5 Cir., 1970, 421 F.2d 373, vacated, 1970, 400 U.S. 17, 91 S.Ct. 122, 27 L.Ed.2d 17; Callahan v. United States, 9 Cir., 1966, 367 F.2d 563.
The circumstantial evidence enumerated above provides a viable nexus upon which the jury linked the appellant to the crime in question. The evidence demonstrated that appellant (1) was similar in appearance to one of the robbers; (2) was with Washington when the hold-up car was acquired; (3) was conversing with Washington two days prior to the robbery and told him not to "worry about us" when Washington inquired whether appellant had "the stuff"; (4) threatened Mrs. Washington when she suggested that he turn himself in.
This court has repeatedly held that circumstantial evidence may provide the basis for a conviction. As Judge Matthes noted in United States v. Pope, 8 Cir., 1969, 415 F.2d 685, 688, cert. denied, 1970, 397 U.S. 950, 90 S.Ct. 973, 25 L.Ed.2d 132:
Appellant additionally contends that there was insufficient evidence to show that the stolen money belonged to or was in the care, control or custody of the Pulaski Savings & Loan Association. We find this contention to be without merit.
Appellant argues that the trial court erred in admitting (1) testimony concerning the arrest of defendants Scruggs and Chambers; (2) photographs of Scruggs and Chambers; (3) various items found by FBI agents in the apartment across the breezeway from Scruggs' apartment; (4) the testimony of Roosevelt Davis; and that the net effect of admitting this evidence was to prejudice appellant's trial.
The trial court, over appellant's timely objections, admitted evidence as to the arrests of Chambers and Scruggs; photographs of Scruggs, Chambers and Washington; and the various items found in the apartment heretofore described.
The admission of the arrests of Scruggs and Chambers provided the foundation for the admission of two of the weapons used in the robbery. The items in the apartment were further tangible bits of evidence inferentially linking appellant with the crime. The photographs were apparently admitted to buttress the testimony of Detective Forister.
Appellant contends that the probative worth of the aforementioned evidence is overshadowed by the prejudicial effect of their admission. We agree with appellant that Judge Learned Hand, in United States v. Krulewitch, 2 Cir., 1944, 145 F.2d 76, 80, rev'd on other grounds, 1949, 336 U.S. 440, 69 S.Ct. 716, 93 L.Ed. 790, set forth the correct standard:
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