United States v. Doe

Decision Date09 December 1968
Docket NumberNo. 291,Docket 32990.,291
PartiesUNITED STATES of America, Appellee, v. John DOE, Edmund J. Devlin, Appellant.
CourtU.S. Court of Appeals — Second Circuit

Ira B. Grudberg, New Haven, Conn., for appellant.

John Cassidento, Asst. U. S. Atty. (Jon O. Newman, U. S. Atty., Hartford, Conn., Daniel Sagrin, Asst. U. S. Atty., New Haven, Conn., on the brief), for appellee.

Before LUMBARD, Chief Judge, FRIENDLY, Circuit Judge, and RYAN, District Judge.*

FRIENDLY, Circuit Judge:

On November 18, 1968, Edmund J. Devlin appeared pursuant to a subpoena before a grand jury in the District Court for Connecticut which was investigating the stealing of postal money orders, see 18 U.S.C. §§ 500 and 1691. The foreman directed him to furnish exemplars of his handwriting on printed FBI forms. Four of these, designated Exhibits A, C, D and E, called respectively for the months of the year, the alphabet, numbers from zero to eighteen, and signatures. A fifth, designated Exhibit B, required the filling out of a form, which resembled a money order but was labeled "Handwriting sample form — not a negotiable instrument," with the names and, in some instances, an address of ten payees, and also with the signature "George Strouch." Devlin refused to obey the foreman's order.

Three days later Devlin, his counsel and an Assistant United States Attorney appeared before Chief Judge Timbers. Counsel contended that Devlin should be excused from compliance. With respect to Exhibit B it was claimed that the direction violated Devlin's privilege against self-incrimination. With respect to all the forms, it was claimed that the direction deprived him of the right to counsel guaranteed by the Sixth Amendment and that requiring him to give exemplars without assurance that the writings of other persons would be submitted to the Government's expert would deny him due process of law. When Devlin persisted in his refusal, after proceedings not here challenged as to regularity and with full warning of the consequences, the court adjudged him in civil contempt, and committed him to the custody of the Attorney General "for imprisonment for thirty (30) days, or until such time as he purges himself of this contempt by furnishing the required handwriting exemplars, or until such time as the grand jury before which he appeared is discharged, whichever is earlier." We are advised that the grand jury will be discharged not later than December 22, 1968. The judge stayed execution of the sentence pending this appeal.

The contention as to deprivation of the right to counsel was not seriously pressed before us — wisely so since it is doomed by the explicit ruling in Gilbert v. California, 388 U.S. 263, 267, 87 S.Ct. 1951, 18 L.Ed.2d 1178 (1967). Moreover Devlin has had all the assistance any counsel could provide. We likewise need not tarry long over the due process argument, which is grounded on the statement in Simmons v. United States, 390 U.S. 377, 384, 88 S.Ct. 967, 971, 19 L.Ed.2d 1247 (1968), "that convictions based on eyewitness identification at trial following a pretrial identification by photograph will be set aside on that ground only if the photographic identification procedure was so impermissibly suggestive as to give rise to a very substantial likelihood of irreparable misidentification." See also Stovall v. Denno, 388 U.S. 293, 302-303, 87 S.Ct. 1967, 18 L.Ed.2d 1199 (1967); Palmer v. Peyton, 359 F.2d 199 (4 Cir. 1966). Expert comparison of handwriting exemplars bears scant resemblance to eyewitness identification. See Osborn, Questioned Documents, and particularly Ch. XV. Moreover, the principle enunciated in Simmons is a rule of exclusion, not a testimonial privilege; nothing in the Simmons opinion or any other ruling of the Supreme Court suggests that a suspect can refuse to allow the taking of photographs merely because of a fear that the police might put them to an impermissible use.

Devlin's claim that execution of the form designated as Exhibit B would violate his privilege against self-incrimination is also unfounded. His argument is that although Gilbert v. California, supra, 388 U.S. at 265-267, 87 S.Ct. 1951, held generally that compulsion of handwriting exemplars was not within the privilege, reproduction of the very instruments used in the commission of the crime stands differently.1 But that contention was answered in United States v. Wade, 388 U.S. 218, 222-223, 87 S.Ct. 1926, 1930, 18 L.Ed.2d 1149 (1967), where the Court said, in language equally applicable to handwriting:

"Similarly, compelling Wade to speak within hearing distance of the witnesses, even to utter words purportedly uttered by the robber, was not compulsion to utter statements of a `testimonial\' nature; he was required to use his voice as an identifying
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32 cases
  • U.S. v. Holland, 76-3763
    • United States
    • United States Courts of Appeals. United States Court of Appeals (5th Circuit)
    • May 23, 1977
    ...(voice exemplars), and United States v. Mara, above cited, (handwriting exemplars). Another example is in the Second Circuit, United States v. Doe, 405 F.2d 436 (Friendly, C. J.; 2 Cir. 1968) where a contempt conviction was affirmed after a grand jury witness had disobeyed orders of the for......
  • Hansen v. Owens, 16977
    • United States
    • Supreme Court of Utah
    • October 8, 1980
    ...court's contempt power in response to a person's failure to comply with an order to give handwriting exemplars, i. e., United States v. Doe, 405 F.2d 436 (2nd Cir. 1968); State v. Thompson, 256 La. 934, 240 So.2d 712 (1970); People v. Rinaldi, 63 Misc.2d 702, 313 N.Y.S2d 820 (1970). Other c......
  • In re Grand Jury Proceedings, 73-1520.
    • United States
    • United States Courts of Appeals. United States Court of Appeals (3rd Circuit)
    • September 11, 1973
    ...nonconstitutional, improper use of a subpoena does have constitutional overtones, for as Judge Friendly observed in United States v. Doe, 405 F.2d 436, 438 (2d Cir. 1968), "even though evidence is not within a testimonial privilege, the due process clause protects against the use of excessi......
  • Wise v. Murphy, 4480 Original.
    • United States
    • Court of Appeals of Columbia District
    • March 16, 1971
    ...before the grand jury to inform it of the results and thus the availability of testimony on the point for trial. See United States v. Doe, 405 F.2d 436 (2d Cir. 1968). Of course, such use of grand jury process would have to be consistent with the Fourth Amendment standards as set forth in P......
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