United States v. Evans, 21128.

• Decision Date: 29 March 1967
• Docket Number: No. 21128.,21128.
• Citation: 375 F.2d 730
• Parties: UNITED STATES of America, Appellant, v. L. Mabel EVANS, Appellee.
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — Ninth Circuit

375 F.2d 730 (1967)

UNITED STATES of America, Appellant, v. L. Mabel EVANS, Appellee.

No. 21128.

United States Court of Appeals Ninth Circuit.

March 29, 1967.

Mitchell Rogovin, Asst. Atty. Gen., Lee A. Jackson, Melva M. Graney, Edward Lee Rogers, C. Moxley Featherston, Attys. Tax Division, Dept. of Justice, Washington, D. C., Sidney I. Lezak, U. S. Atty., Michael L. Morehouse, Asst. U. S. Atty., Portland, Or., for appellant.

Gerald J. Meindl, Robert Briggs, Portland, Or., for appellee.

Before CHAMBERS, BARNES and BROWNING, Circuit Judges.

BARNES, Circuit Judge.

Taxpayer-appellee Evans is a resident in Terwilliger Plaza, an apartment complex in Portland, Oregon. She properly filed her 1962 tax return and paid the tax due of $47.66. Maintaining that Terwilliger Plaza was a cooperative housing corporation within section 216(b) (1) of the Internal Revenue Code (26 U. S.C. § 216(b) (1)), she filed a claim for refund based on deductions for her proportionate share of the corporation's interest and taxes. The claim for refund was disallowed, and she brought suit for a refund in the district court, jurisdiction being under 28 U.S.C. § 1346. Taxpayer Evans prevailed, and the government has appealed to our court, jurisdiction here being under 28 U.S.C. § 1291.

The sole question on this appeal is whether the taxpayer was a "tenant-stockholder" of a "cooperative housing corporation" within the meaning of section 216.

Terwilliger Plaza, Inc. is a nonprofit corporation organized under the law of Oregon. It does not issue stock,¹ but is composed of members. Each member pays an original membership fee and a periodic "maintenance fee." In return, each member gets a life interest in a designated apartment, and participates in management by voting for officers. If for any reason the corporation is liquidated, the net proceeds will go to the Common School Fund of the State of Oregon. The corporation, as the holder of legal title to the properties, pays the interest on the mortgage debt and the property taxes.

Section 216(b) (2) defines a "tenant-stockholder" as "an individual who is a stockholder in a cooperative housing corporation * * *." The government contends that the interest held by the taxpayer was not stock.² The taxpayer concedes that she got only a form of life estate in the apartment. (Appellee's Brief, p. 9.) There is no dispute that her interest expires at her death. She admittedly has no stock in the form of certificates, but contends that her membership, representing the life interest, is the necessary equivalent.³ We disagree.

Stock is an equity; it represents an ownership interest. It is to be distinguished from obligations such as notes or bonds which are not equities, and represent no ownership interest. As the Supreme Court noted in John Kelly Co. v. Commissioner, 326 U.S. 521, 530, 66 S.Ct. 299, 90 L.Ed. 278 (1946), "There is no one characteristic, not even exclusion from management, which can be said to be decisive in the determination of whether the obligations are risk investments stock in the corporation or debts." Yet when looking at the relative characteristics of stock and debts, we cannot avoid the conclusion that the membership in question here is more a form of debt-obligation than stock.

"The characteristics of stock are a right to participate proportionately in all profits, and in management, and in the distribution of net assets on liquidation; the characteristics of a note are a definite obligor, a definite obligee (either by name or designation), a definitely ascertainable obligation, and a time of maturity, either definite or that will become definite." 3 Paul & Mertens, Law of Federal Income Taxation 170 (1934).

Here the only characteristic of stock is participation in management. Yet we have present all the characteristics of a debt-obligation. There is a definite obligor (the corporation), a definite obligee (the taxpayer), a definitely ascertainable obligation (providing an apartment), and a time of...