United States v. Garcia

• Decision Date: 26 October 1984
• Docket Number: No. 84-329 CR EBD.,84-329 CR EBD.
• Parties: UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff v. Juan GARCIA and Rene Cuesta-Acosta, Defendants.
• Court: U.S. District Court — Southern District of Florida

598 F. Supp. 533

UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff v. Juan GARCIA and Rene Cuesta-Acosta, Defendants.

No. 84-329 CR EBD.

United States District Court, S.D. Florida.

October 26, 1984.

Steven Golembe, Miami, Fla., for Juan Garcia.

Randolph Q. Ferguson, Miami, Fla., for Rene Cuesta-Acosta.

David A. Doheny, Miami, Fla., for the United States.

ORDER GRANTING MOTION TO SUPPRESS AS TO JUAN GARCIA AND DENYING IT AS TO RENE CUESTAACOSTA

EDWARD B. DAVIS, District Judge.

THIS MATTER is before the court upon motion of defendants, Juan Garcia and Rene Cuesta-Acosta, to suppress evidence seized by United States Customs Patrol Officers from a boat off the coast of Florida. The court GRANTS the motion to suppress as to the captain of the vessel, Juan Garcia, but finds no standing and DENIES the motion as to the crew member, Rene Cuesta-Acosta.

FACTS

The following facts are based upon what the court believes to be the credible testimony of the Government's only witness, United States Customs Patrol Officer Dale Kestler.

On May 8, 1984, officers aboard an unmarked United States Customs Patrol boat spotted a small fishing or pleasure vessel coming northwest toward them from south of Cape Florida into Biscayne Bay. After the vessel passed, they decided to follow it. They noticed heavy salt spray on the vessel and they pulled alongside and asked the defendants where they were coming from and whether they had any weapons. Defendant Garcia replied that they were fishing and had no weapons.

Three officers boarded the vessel for a documentation and safety check. Defendant Garcia, who was operating the vessel, produced proper documentation from his wallet. In the meantime, two of the officers began a "preliminary search." Their suspicions were aroused by the following factors. There were no rods, reels or bait on the boat—just a few hand fishing lines. A look in the ice chest revealed frozen, not fresh fish. There was enough food and clothing aboard for an outing of several days. They found small, infrared lights which might have been used to vector planes in. Defendant Garcia had heavy salt spray on his glasses, and defendant Cuesta-Acosta was shaking nervously.

The officers proceeded to search the vessel for half an hour. One further item aroused their suspicion. There was a three-inch diameter hole cut in the main cabin floor covered with a filler cap. Removal of the cap revealed sawdust, but the crevice was otherwise empty. Officer Kestler testified that he did not know what the hole was used for, but that its purpose might have been to fill fuel or water tanks.

Having found no contraband after a half-hour search, the officers still felt suspicious and decided to bring the vessel into a customs dock at Miami, two miles away. There they went over what they had searched before more carefully, still finding nothing. Before letting the boat go, they decided to check behind the refrigerator, a common place to hide contraband. New shiny screws came out easily and removal of the refrigerator revealed an opening in which marijuana was concealed. Further searching uncovered a total of 199 pounds of marijuana. Defendants were charged with conspiracy to violate and violation of 21 U.S.C. § 955a(a), possession with intent to distribute a controlled substance.

Before proceeding to discuss the legal implications of the foregoing event, it is necessary to take note of an additional aspect of Officer Kestler's testimony. When first sighted, the suspect vessel was heading west toward land but was not outside United States coastal waters. Officer Kestler testified that when they first saw the vessel, they had no reason to believe that the vessel came from "outside", and that it was "just a hunch" that caused them to follow it. He said that the heavy salt spray might have meant it came from the outside, but it might not have. The westward direction might have meant it came from outside, but it was entirely consistent with a trip up from Key Largo. Furthermore, the search revealed no evidence of any connection with outside of the United States. He said that while he was not positive that the vessel came from "outside", he found that to be irrelevant. The officers stopped the boat for a documentation and safety check.

OPINION

I. The Search Was Not Valid as a Border Search

That this was a documentation and safety check and not a search incident to a border crossing is the first important step in the Court's analysis. When the United States border is crossed, the power of customs officials to search is plenary. United States v. Ramsey, 431 U.S. 606, 97 S.Ct. 1972, 52 L.Ed.2d 617 (1977). In the maritime context, this has been held to mean that any crossing from international waters into the contiguous zone (an imaginary line 12 miles from the United States shore) gives customs officials border search authority. United States v. Hidalgo-Gato, 703 F.2d 1267 (11th Cir.1983). To invoke this border search authority, there must be some degree of probability that a border crossing has been made. United States v. Whitmire, 595 F.2d 1303, 1307 (5th Cir.1979). While it has been established that customs officials need not actually observe the vessel as it crosses the imaginary line, the exact degree of probability required is not clearly established. Id. at 1307 n. 2 (discussion and citations). There must at least be some articulable facts from which it is reasonable to infer that there was a recent border crossing. Id.; see also United States v. Acosta, 489 F.Supp. 61, 63-4 (S.D.Fla.1980); United States v. Helms, 703 F.2d 759, 763-4 (4th Cir.1983); United States v. Laughman, 618 F.2d 1067, 1072 n. 2 (4th Cir.1980).

The court concludes that in the instant case it was not reasonable to infer that there had been a recent border crossing. The only evidence of a border crossing was the heavy salt spray and westward direction of the vessel. Officer Kestler candidly testified that while this could indicate a border crossing, because the immediate area was calm, it was entirely possible that the vessel had come from a point south, within United States waters. He had no reason to believe that the vessel had come from "outside". Indeed, Officer Kestler felt that was irrelevant, and asserted that they approached for a documentation check, just on a "hunch". In addition, an extensive search revealed no additional evidence of a border crossing. The court finds that Officer Kestler did not believe,¹ nor was it reasonable to infer, that a border crossing had been made. Thus, plenary border crossing authority to search is absent.

II. The Captain, Juan Garcia, Has Standing to Object to the Search; The Crew Member, Rene Cuesta-Acosta, Does Not.

In order to object to the introduction of evidence which is the product of an illegal search, a defendant must have some legitimate expectation of privacy in the area searched. Rakas v. Illinois, 439 U.S. 128, 99 S.Ct. 421, 58 L.Ed.2d 387 (1978). This legitimate expectation of privacy in the premises may be shown through ownership, leasing, or unrestricted right of occupancy or custody or control. United States v. Bachner, 706 F.2d 1121 (11th Cir.1983). The court finds that Juan Garcia was the captain of the vessel, because he was controlling the boat, he communicated with the officers, and he produced proper documentation. Though he was not the owner, he did have an unrestricted right of custody or control, and thus had a legitimate expectation of privacy. See also United States v. Hernandez, 668 F.2d 824 (5th Cir.1982) ("lawful possession").

It is true that no legitimate expectation of privacy exists in public areas of the boat and those areas which customs officials may visit as part of a routine document and safety inspection. United States v. Williams, 617 F.2d 1063, 1086 (5th Cir.1980). However, the area behind a refrigerator which is screwed in to the wall is not within plain view, and thus is not to be summarily removed from the ambit of Fourth Amendment protection. See United States v. Whitaker, 592 F.2d 826, 830 (5th Cir.1979) (a legitimate expectation of privacy may attach to a locked compartment on the bridge). The court finds standing for the captain to assert the substantive Fourth Amendment claim. See infra.

Rene Cuesta-Acosta, however, was merely a crew member. He had no right to custody or control. There are areas of a boat in which a crew member might have a legitimate expectation of privacy, such as a locked footlocker or private living quarters, Id; United States v. DeWeese, 632 F.2d 1267, 1271 (5th Cir.1980), but a mere crew member has no privacy interest in other areas of the boat. United States v. Williams, 617 F.2d 1063, 1084 (5th Cir.1980). The court denies Cuesta-Acosta standing to challenge the search.

III. The Officers Acted Properly in Boarding and Inspecting the Vessel; However, Once Aboard, Their Suspicions Failed to Ripen Into Probable Cause and an Extended Search was Therefore Unreasonable Under the Fourth Amendment.

Customs officers have authority to stop and board vessels under two separate doctrines. First, officers may perform a limited investigatory stop if they have a reasonable suspicion of customs violations. 19 U.S.C. § 1581(a); United States v. Herrera, 711 F.2d 1546 (11th Cir.1983). Second, customs officers may board for a documentation and safety check absent any suspicion at all. 19 U.S.C. § 1581(a); United States v. Villamonte-Marquez, 462 U.S. 579, 103 S.Ct. 2573, 77 L.Ed.2d 22 (1983). In addition, the Supreme Court refused to preclude the use of document and safety check authority simply because the officers may have suspected illegal activity. Id. 103 S.Ct. at 2577 n. 3; Herrera at 1554 n. 13. Thus, in the instant case the court finds the initial boarding by the officers to be entirely reasonable under the Fourth Amendment as interpreted by the courts.

However, the key element in approval of investigatory or document and safety check stops in the cases that...