United States v. Hoffman

• Decision Date: 28 January 1974
• Docket Number: No. 73-2140.,73-2140.
• Citation: 488 F.2d 923
• Parties: UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Peter Fleming HOFFMAN, Defendant-Appellant.
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — Fifth Circuit

488 F.2d 923 (1974)

UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Peter Fleming HOFFMAN, Defendant-Appellant.

No. 73-2140.

United States Court of Appeals, Fifth Circuit.

January 28, 1974.

Eugene A. Deal, Atlanta, Ga., (Court-appointed), for defendant-appellant.

John W. Stokes, U. S. Atty., Stanley M. Baum, Asst. U. S. Atty., Atlanta, Ga., for plaintiff-appellee.

Before BELL, DYER and CLARK, Circuit Judges.

CLARK, Circuit Judge:

The draft has ended but all that preceded its ending is neither forgiven nor forgotten.

Peter Fleming Hoffman refused to take the symbolic step forward after being processed for induction into the army and was convicted of violating 50 U.S.C. § 462, Appendix. On this appeal he argues for reversal on the basis of three defenses that were rejected by the trial court: (1) improper order of call; (2) local board error in failing to consider his post-induction notice conscioustious objector claim; and (3) violation of the President's order cancelling draft calls for November and December, 1969. Finding each defense without merit, we affirm.

Hoffman registered for the draft in September 1965 at age 18. Until June 1969 he received a Class II-S (student) deferment¹ while attending college. On June 27, 1969 his local board reclassified him in Class I-A² after learning from his response to its current information questionnaire (SSS Form 127) of June 3 that he was to graduate from college on June 15. Hoffman appealed this reclassification within the Selective Service System on the basis that his upcoming position as a graduate teaching assistant in college mathematics qualified him for a Class II-A (occupational) deferment.³ While this appeal was running its procedural course, the local board was taking the necessary steps leading to Hoffman's induction. In July, 1969 Hoffman was given a pre-induction physical examination and found acceptable. A statement of his physical acceptability for the draft (DD Form 62) was mailed to him on October 1. On October 23, 1969 the Appeal Board decided to classify Hoffman in Class I-A. On November 17, 1969 the Local Board mailed to Hoffman an Order to Report for Induction on December 1, 1969. However, the Board agreed to postpone his induction at least until October 1, 1970 to allow completion of the school year already begun. In August 1970 Hoffman sought a Class I-O (conscientious objector) classification,⁴ but the Board declined to reopen and reconsider his draft status. On October 20, 1970 Hoffman appeared, as required, at the induction center but refused to be inducted. This action led to his indictment and conviction.

Order of Call

Hoffman initially urges that his call was out of the proper order. The reasons for allowing an order of call defense lie on two levels. On a general level the defense serves to insure that the Selective Service System implements the various sociological, political and economic considerations reflected in the sequence of induction established by Congress. On an individualized level, it safeguards each registrant's due process rights to objective treatment by the Selective Service System in accordance with its own regulations. See United States v. Johnson, 476 F.2d 1251 (5th Cir. 1973); United States v. Strayhorn, 471 F.2d 661 (2d Cir. 1972); and United States v. Dudley, 451 F.2d 1300 (6th Cir. 1971).

Courts have developed more or less specific rules as to the procedures which must be followed in developing an order of call defense—what substantively must be shown by the registrant to raise the defense and the extent of the government's burden in response. To assert the defense in this circuit, a registrant must report for induction processing and there refuse to be inducted. He cannot rely upon it in a prosecution for failure to report to the induction center. Compare Schutz v. United States, 422 F.2d 991 (5th Cir. 1970), with United States v. Burnett, 476 F.2d 726 (5th Cir. 1973). According the usual presumption of regularity to the actions of the Selective Service System, proof of proper order of call is not an element of the government's case in chief. Only after evidence has been introduced by the defendant that specific other registrants with a higher call priority than defendant were eligible to be called and that their calling would have postponed the call of the defendant, does the burden shift to the government to demonstrate that the order of call of such other registrants was not improper. United States v. Burnett, supra; United States v. Johnson, 476 F.2d 1251 (5th Cir. 1973); United States v. Dudley, 451 F.2d 1300 (6th Cir. 1971); and Little v. United States, 409 F.2d 1343 (10th Cir. 1969). The government's burden in response to the defendant's prima facie showing is to prove that the local board acted in accordance with the Selective Service regulations in not calling those registrants, suggested by the defendant, with seemingly higher priority.

However, this latter burden must be viewed in light of the limited standard of review in Selective Service cases, and thus, letter perfect compliance with the regulations is not required. The proper standard is as stated in United States v. Griglio, 467 F.2d 572 (1st Cir. 1972).

We will not deem a violation of a regulation as applied to third persons a deprivation of due process as to a registrant unless it is apparent that favoritism to another or discrimination against the registrant was intended, or unless the violation is so flagrant and serious that, whether intended or not, concern for fair and efficient administration justifies the sanction of avoiding an induction adversely affected by the violation.

467 F.2d at 577

See also United States v. King, 474 F.2d 402 (1st Cir. 1973); United States v. Strayhorn, supra.

Hoffman introduced the names of five registrants older than he, who were classified I-A at the time of his induction. He asserted that under the then existing "oldest first" priority for induction,⁵ these men should have been called before him. If Hoffman had not been called in December 1969 he would have been selected under the lottery or random selection system which went into effect on January 1, 1970 and, because of his high lottery number, would not have been called at all. This evidence of bypass resulting in prejudice to Hoffman was sufficient to require the government to come forward with an explanation of why Hoffman was seemingly called out of order and, indeed, the government stipulated that it had the burden of proving that three of these other registrants were properly processed. The Selective Service file of one of these registrants disclosed that he was inducted on December 1, the same date Hoffman was originally scheduled for induction. Thus, he obviously was not properly named. The government responds that the remaining four registrants under the then existing regulations were not available for December induction. These registrants, like Hoffman, all had II-S college deferments which ended in 1969. 32 C.F.R. § 1622.25(a) (1969) provided:

In class II shall be placed any registrant . . . who is satisfactorily pursuing a full time course of instruction at a college, university, or similar institution of learning, such deferment to continue until such registrant completes the requirement for his baccalaureate degree, fails to pursue satisfactorily a full time course of instruction, or attains the twenty-fourth anniversary of the day of his birth, whichever occurs first.

The other registrants had neither reached age 24 nor completed the requirements for their degree in June 1969. Each was "satisfactorily pursuing a full-time course of instruction" within the meaning of Section 1622.25(c). Therefore, their deferments under this regulation did not end until September 1969, since each had entered college in September of 1965. The preinduction physical examinations of these four registrants were not scheduled until November 3, 1969. Consequently, they did not receive their notices of acceptability (DD Form 62) until November 17. Since the December call was scheduled for December 1, this notice came too late to satisfy the requirement of 32 C.F.R. § 1631.7 (1969) that notice of acceptability must precede induction by 21 days. Because Hoffman graduated in June 1969, received his physical examination in July of that year, and was given his notice of acceptability on October 1, 1969, he alone of this group was nominally eligible for December 1969 induction.

The ultimate propriety of the Board's action in regard to the other four registrants depends upon regulations then in effect regarding the order for calling registrants to take physical examinations. 32 C.F.R. 1628.11(b) (1969), which has since been repealed, then provided as to registrants classified I-A, I-A-O or I-O:

The local board shall, so far as is practicable, select and order to report for Armed Forces physical examination . . . such residents who are non-volunteers in the order of their liability for service.

Section 1628.11(c) (1969) stated:

The local board may also mail an order to report for Armed Forces physical examination to any resident who is classified in a class other than I-A, I-A-O or I-O if it determines that his induction may occur shortly.

Hoffman argues that the Board should have acted under Section 1628. 11(c) to order the other four registrants to report for physicals at least as early as he had to report after their June current information questionnaires revealed that they would lose their II-S deferments in September.⁶ Had this been done, it would have made them available for call ahead of Hoffman in December, because they were older registrants.

However, 1628.11(b) clearly leaves discretion in the Board ("as far as is practicable") to choose the time registrants who are classified as available for induction into service will be called for physical examinations. United States v. King, supra. Since none of the other four registrants were...