United States v. Holcombe, 8035.

• Decision Date: 18 April 1960
• Docket Number: No. 8035.,8035.
• Citation: 277 F.2d 143
• Parties: UNITED STATES of America, Appellant, v. Richard A. HOLCOMBE, Jr., Appellee.
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — Fourth Circuit

277 F.2d 143 (1960)

UNITED STATES of America, Appellant, v. Richard A. HOLCOMBE, Jr., Appellee.

No. 8035.

United States Court of Appeals Fourth Circuit.

Argued March 21, 1960.

Decided April 18, 1960.

Mark R. Joelson, Atty., Dept. of Justice (George Cochran Doub, Asst. Atty. Gen., Joseph S. Bambacus, U. S. Atty., Richmond, Va., and Morton Hollander, Atty., Dept. of Justice, Washington, D. C., on the brief), for appellant.

Howard I. Legum, Norfolk, Va. (Louis B. Fine, Norfolk, Va., on the brief), for appellee.

Before SOBELOFF, Chief Judge, and SOPER and HAYNSWORTH, Circuit Judges.

SOBELOFF, Chief Judge.

The question to be decided is whether an Officers' Mess at a naval base is a "federal agency" within the meaning of the Tort Claims Act, so as to make the United States liable for the negligence of an employee of the mess.

The plaintiff, Richard A. Holcombe, Jr., was civilian manager of the Commissioned Officers' Mess at the United States Naval Air Station, Patuxent River, Maryland. On April 12, 1956, he instructed Loretta Roller, also an employee of the Officers' Mess, to proceed in his personal automobile to the Post Commissary for the purpose of obtaining salad dressing needed for a luncheon at the Mess. While driving the plaintiff's car on this errand, Miss Roller lost control of the vehicle, and it left the road and was completely destroyed.

Holcombe brought his action against the Government in the District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia under the Tort Claims Act, 28 U.S.C.A. §§ 1346(b), 2671 and 2674, to recover damages for the loss of his automobile. At the first trial, the District Court dismissed the complaint on the ground that, under federal law, Miss Roller's operation of the automobile was not within the scope of her employment. On appeal, this court vacated the judgment, as the Government then conceded that under Maryland law, applicable as a result of Williams v. United States, 1955, 350 U.S. 857, 76 S.Ct. 100, 100 L.Ed. 761, Miss Roller was acting within the scope of her employment. At that time, the Government urged several other grounds for affirming the judgment, but we remanded the case for the District Court to consider the additional defenses. See Holcombe v. United States, 4 Cir., 1958, 259 F.2d 505.

At the second trial, the District Court rejected the Government's contentions and awarded Holcombe, $1,325, representing the value of his automobile plus the articles in it which were destroyed, and the Government now appeals. Several of the defenses raised below are not urged on this appeal, and, because of the Government's position with regard to them, need not be considered by us.¹ The Government stands on the sole contention that the United States has not waived immunity from liability for torts of civilian employees of "nonappropriated instrumentalities," such as this Officers' Mess as such instrumentalities are not "federal agencies" within the meaning of the Tort Claims Act. The Government admits that the Commissioned Officers' Messes are "an integral part of the Navy establishment and, as such, are instrumentalities of the Government. * * *" It contends, however, that while such an establishment is otherwise a "federal agency," it still does not come within the purview of the Tort Claims Act, because it is a "nonappropriated fund instrumentality," that is to say, it is not supported by appropriations out of the national treasury, but is financed by its own operations. We find no warrant for interpolating such a restriction into the statute.

The definition of "federal agency," contained in the act itself, does not lend support to the Government's contention. The statute, 28 U.S.C.A. § 2671, provides in part:

"`Federal agency\' includes the executive departments and independent establishment of the United States, and corporations primarily acting as, instrumentalities or agencies of the United States but does not include any contractor with the United States."

No reason is given by the Government why, looking to the terms of the act, an appropriated activity of the Navy should be deemed included in one of the above categories but not a nonappropriated activity. The language of the statute making no such distinction, it would appear to include both.

The only case cited by either side, which is exactly in point, is Daniels v. Chanute Air Force Base Exchange, D.C. E.D.Ill.1955, 127 F.Supp. 920, where liability was held to exist under the Tort Claims Act for negligence of a civilian employee of an Air Force Base Exchange, a nonappropriated instrumentality. Another case, Grant v. United States, D.C.E.D.N.Y.1958, 162 F.Supp. 689, 693, affirmed on this point in 2 Cir., 1959, 271 F.2d 651, involved the negligence of an officer of the United States Merchant Marine who was operating a ship's service store, a nonappropriated part of the United States Merchant Marine Academy. The court upheld judgment for the plaintiff, citing the Daniels case, supra. The Government seeks to distinguish Grant because there the employee was a member of the armed services, where as here Miss Roller was a civilian employee. However, the court in the Grant case did not base its decision on any such distinction, but, rather, reasoned that there was...