United States v. Jones

• Decision Date: 03 November 1980
• Docket Number: No. 79-927.,79-927.
• Parties: UNITED STATES, Appellant, v. Gregory A. JONES, Appellee.
• Court: D.C. Court of Appeals

423 A.2d 193

UNITED STATES, Appellant, v. Gregory A. JONES, Appellee.

No. 79-927.

District of Columbia Court of Appeals.

Argued June 17, 1980.

Decided November 3, 1980.

Christopher A. Myers, Asst. U. S. Atty., Washington, D. C., with whom Charles F. C. Ruff, U. S. Atty., John A. Terry and James M. Hanny, Asst. U. S. Attys., Washington, D. C., were on the brief, for appellant.

Randy I. Bellows, Public Defender Service, Washington, D. C., with whom Silas J. Wasserstrom, Public Defender Service, Washington, D. C., was on the brief, for appellee.

Before KELLY and NEBEKER, Associate Judges, and BOWERS, Associate Judge, Superior Court of the District of Columbia.^*

NEBEKER, Associate Judge:

The United States has filed an appeal from the trial court's refusal to reconsider its order vacating appellee's conviction and dismissing the indictment. On the merits, the government argued that the trial court erred in dismissing the indictment based on a technical, unintentional violation of the Interstate Agreement on Detainers Act (IAD), D.C.Code 1973, § 24-701. We dismiss the appeal for lack of jurisdiction.

On April 4, 1977, a complaint and arrest warrant were issued in Superior Court charging appellee with rape and related offenses. The following day, the appellee was arrested in Maryland on an unrelated homicide charge. On April 26, 1977, a detainer was lodged against him with the Montgomery County Detention Center where he was being held.

On July 21, 1977, the appellee was taken into custody by the District of Columbia Police and presented in Superior Court on the following day. A grand jury indicted appellee on August 10, 1977, and he was arraigned on these charges on September 2, 1977. Sometime later, appellee was returned to Montgomery County where he was convicted of murder and sentenced to life imprisonment on December 29, 1977.

Appellee immediately began serving his sentence at the Maryland State Penitentiary until he was returned to District of Columbia custody on June 21, 1978, pursuant to a writ of habeas corpus ad prosequendum issued on May 24, 1978, by the District of Columbia Superior Court. Trial was set but appellee, rather inexplicably, was sent back to Maryland on August 10, 1978, before trial. A second writ of habeas corpus ad prosequendum was issued and appellee was once again brought to the District of Columbia.

The trial was set for January 1979. In the interim, appellee filed a motion to dismiss the indictment based on a violation of Articles III(d) and IV(e) of the IAD, on November 9, 1978. The motion was dismissed without prejudice on January 16, 1979. On January 22, 1979, the jury returned a verdict of guilty on charges of rape, sodomy, and robbery. On March 5, 1979, appellee renewed his motion for dismissal of the indictment based on the IAD violations, a hearing was held, and the motion was granted on March 27, 1979, supplemented by written opinion issued on April 4, 1979.

On August 7, 1979, the government filed a motion for reconsideration of the dismissal based on an intervening decision by another Superior Court judge in a similar case which was inapposite to the trial judge's decision in this case. The motion was denied and on August 10, 1979, the government filed a notice of appeal of the trial judge's denial of reconsideration.

At oral argument, counsel were invited to address the question whether D.C.Code 1973, § 23-104(c) limits the government's right to appeal in this case, in light of the decision in United States v. Greely, 134 U.S.App.D.C. 196, 413 F.2d 1103 (1969).¹ In that case, the court held that existing provisions of the Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act, Pub.L.No.90-351, Title VIII, § 1301, 82 Stat. 237 (1968), did not authorize a government appeal from the refusal of the trial court to reopen a suppression hearing because such an appeal was not sanctioned by the language of the statute. Title 18 U.S.C. § 3731 (Supp. IV 1965-1968), the statute involved in that case, provided in pertinent part:

An appeal may be taken by and on behalf of the United States from the district courts to a court of appeals in all criminal cases, in the following instances:

* * * * * *

From an order, granting a motion for return of seized property or a motion to suppress evidence, made before the trial of a person charged with a violation of any law of the United States, if the United States attorney certifies to the judge who granted such motion that the appeal is not taken for purpose of delay and that the evidence is a substantial proof of the charge pending against the defendant. [Emphasis added.]

Section 23-104(c), a part of the District of Columbia Court Reform and Criminal Procedure Act of 1970, Pub.L.No.91-358, 84 Stat. 473, was enacted to ensure the government's right to appeal from an order dismissing an indictment or information. That section provides:

The United States or the District of Columbia may appeal an order dismissing an indictment or information or otherwise terminating a prosecution in favor of a defendant or defendants as to one or more counts thereof, except where there is an acquittal on the merits.

The government argues that D.C.Code 1973, § 23-104(c), permitting appeal from dismissal of an indictment, ought to be applied expansively in this case because Congress overruled Greely by statute, Pub.L. No.91-644, Title III § 14(a), 84 Stat. 1890 (effective Jan. 3, 1971), as too narrow a construction of the government's right to appeal suppression orders. See S.Rep.No. 91-1296, 91st Cong., 2d Sess. 2 (1970). Since the same Congress, argues the government, also cited Greely when similarly amending D.C.Code 1967, § 23-105(b) (Supp. II 1969) [now § 23-104(a)(1)], the provision contained in § 23-104(c) for appeal of indictment dismissals should also be interpreted expansively to allow this appeal. See H.R.Rep.No.907, 91st Cong., 2d Sess. 111 (1970).

Judicial expansion of this statute to permit appeal from a motion to reconsider an order dismissing an indictment is not tenable. The United States cannot appeal in a criminal case without express congressional authorization. United States v. Martin Linen Supply Company, 430 U.S. 564, 568, 97 S.Ct. 1349, 1352, 51 L.Ed.2d 642 (1977). The trial court's refusal to reconsider its initial order was not an order within the meaning of the statute. The language of the statute must be literally construed; it does not encompass other orders which may have the practical effect of achieving a similar or identical result. See United States v. Alberti, 568 F.2d 617, 621 (2d Cir. 1977); United States v. Taylor, 544 F.2d 347 (8th Cir. 1976). The judge's action from which the government appeals is not an order "dismissing an indictment or information or otherwise terminating a prosecution in favor of a defendant." D.C.Code 1973, § 23-104(c). The dismissal order which was appealable under the statute was issued on March 27, 1979, and the government failed to note its appeal within the required ten (lays, irrevocably terminating the proceeding. D.C.App.R. 4 II(b)(1) & (2).

The government argument that § 23-104(c) should be liberally construed is founded primarily on an analogy between 18 U.S.C. § 3731 (1976), as amended by Congress in 1971, and D.C.Code 1973, § 23-104(a)(1), as amended by Congress in 1970 in place of D.C.Code 1967, § 23-105(b) (Supp. II 1969). The legislative history of both amendments reveals a congressional intent that they should be read broadly and not narrowly as the court in Greely had interpreted the prior statutory language. S.Rep.No.91-1296, supra at 37; H.R.Rep. No.907, supra. These amendments and the legislative history thereof, however, apply to orders denying the use of evidence at trial. To that extent, the court's decision in Greely may have been statutorily overruled. But to permit that rationale to apply also to an order dismissing an indictment violates the fundamental axiom in United States v. Martin Linen Supply Co., supra. It is true that 18 U.S.C. § 3731, as amended, contains a new section stating that "the provisions of this section shall be liberally construed to effectuate its purposes." See United States v. Robinson, 593 F.2d 573 (4th Cir. 1979); United States v. Calandra, 455 F.2d 750 (6th Cir. 1972). However, there is no such provision in D.C.Code 1973, § 23-104. The separate provisions of § 23-104 are to be read independently.

Despite this legislative attack on Greely and the expansion in recent years of the government's right to appeal,² the guarded notion echoed in Greely that appeals are unusual, exceptional, and not favored has not been overruled and is still applicable in this instance. See Will v. United States, 389 U.S. 90, 88 S.Ct. 269, 19 L.Ed.2d 305 (1967); Carroll v. United States, 354 U.S. 394, 77 S.Ct. 1332, 1 L.Ed.2d 1442 (1957); United States v. Shields, D.C.App., 366 A.2d 454 (1976).

For this reason, we cannot agree that Congress intended to expand the government's right to appeal from the granting of a ...