United States v. Jordan, Crim. A. No. 187-70-R.

• Decision Date: 18 January 1971
• Docket Number: Crim. A. No. 187-70-R.
• Citation: 321 F. Supp. 713
• Parties: UNITED STATES of America v. Cabell Clay JORDAN.
• Court: U.S. District Court — Eastern District of Virginia

321 F. Supp. 713

UNITED STATES of America v. Cabell Clay JORDAN.

Crim. A. No. 187-70-R.

United States District Court, E. D. Virginia, Richmond Division.

January 18, 1971.

David G. Lowe, Asst. U. S. Atty., Richmond, Va., for plaintiff.

Beecher E. Stallard, Richmond, Va., for defendant.

MEMORANDUM

WALTER E. HOFFMAN, Chief Judge.

On December 20, 1969, at approximately 2:00 a. m., City of Richmond Police officers entered the defendant's home pursuant to a search warrant for illegal sale of whiskey. As the officers entered the house, they noticed that the defendant had a Colt .38 caliber pistol in his bathrobe. The defendant, having previously been convicted of a felony, was then arrested and subsequently prosecuted and found guilty of unlawful possession of a firearm. There was no evidence indicating that the pistol had ever been out of the defendant's home.

Title VII of the Gun Control Act of 1968, found in 18 U.S.C., Appendix sections 1201-1203 (following 18 U.S.C., section 5037), provides in part:

"§ 1201. Congressional findings and declaration. The Congress hereby finds and declares that the receipt, possession, or transportation of a firearm by felons * * * constitutes —

(1) a burden on commerce or threat affecting the free flow of commerce,

(2) a threat to the safety of the President of the United States and Vice President of the United States,

(3) an impediment or a threat to the exercise of free speech and the free exercise of a religion guaranteed by the first amendment to the Constitution of the United States, and

(4) a threat to the continued and effective operation of the Government of the United States and of the government of each State guaranteed by Article IV of the Constitution."

"§ 1202. Receipt, possession, or transportation of firearms—Persons liable; penalties for violations

(a) Any person who—

(1) has been convicted by a court of the United States or of a State or any political subdivision thereof of a felony * * *

and who receives, possesses, or transports in commerce or affecting commerce, after the date of enactment of this Act, any firearm shall be fined not more than $10,000 or imprisoned for not more than two years, or both."

At the trial, the defendant raised several questions attacking the constitutionality of the above statutes and the validity of his prosecution thereunder. Before passing final judgment, the court permitted counsel for the defendant to cite additional authority in support of his contentions.

The first point that the defendant urges upon the court is that the indictment was defective in that it did not allege that the defendant possessed the firearm "in commerce or affecting commerce" which, the defendant contends, is an essential element of the crime which must be proved. Secondly, the defendant urges that the presumptions established by section 1201; i. e., the possession of a firearm by a convicted felon, constitutes a burden on interstate commerce is unconstitutional in light of Leary v. United States, 395 U.S. 6, 89 S.Ct. 1532, 23 L.Ed.2d 57 (1969), because there is no rational basis for determining that the mere possession of a firearm by a felon constitutes a burden on commerce.

Identical contentions were made in United States v. Wiley, 309 F.Supp. 141 (D.Minn.1970). There the defendant, having previously been convicted of an armed robbery was tried for possession and receipt of a semi-automatic rifle. In answering the defendant's contention that there was a defective indictment because it did not include the language "in commerce or affecting commerce," the district court looked to the legislative findings of fact in section 1201; i. e., that possession of a firearm by those mentioned burdens commerce, and held that the words "in commerce or affecting commerce" in section 1202 were mere surplusage and in any event only modified the word "transports," and not "receives" or "possesses." As to the second contention that the presumption established by section 1201 cannot be used since there was no logical nexus between possession of firearms by a convicted felon and the resulting burden on commerce, the district court held that the validity of section 1202 must be determined by whether Congress "had a rational basis for finding the prohibition necessary to the protection of commerce." In holding that the Gun Control Act met this test, the court said (309 F.Supp. 143):

"Experience demonstrates and common sense agrees that an effective gun control system must include control of possession. Denying possession of guns to persons who are likely to misuse them is reasonably calculated to prevent subversion of local gun laws and the commission of State and Federal crimes, including crimes that affect interstate commerce. This is especially so in view of the high rate of recidivism by persons with conviction records. In devising the regulation, Congress is entitled to conclude that control can best be imposed through federally defined minimum nationwide standards. From a Constitutional standpoint, it is irrelevant that fewer than a majority of the persons within the prohibited class will use a weapon in a manner in or affecting commerce. The Constitution does not impose on Congress the impossible task of devising a system of regulation covering only those particular individuals who will commit such acts. Congress can reach interstate and intrastate distribution and sales, but such regulation cannot be effective unless Congress has the power also to reach those who possess such weapons."

In addition to agreeing with the Wiley decision both as to its reasoning and result, we also conclude that our decision is not inconsistent with either Tot v. United States, 319 U.S. 463, 63 S.Ct. 1241, 87 L.Ed. 1519 (1943) or Leary v. United States, 395 U.S. 6, 89 S.Ct. 1532, 23 L.Ed.2d 57 (1969), on which the defendant heavily relies. In Tot, the defendant was prosecuted under section 2 (f) of the Federal Firearms Act¹ which made it a crime for anyone previously convicted of a crime of violence to receive a firearm or ammunition shipped or transported in interstate commerce. The Act further provided that the possession of any firearm or ammunition by any such person shall be presumptive evidence that the firearm or ammunition was shipped, transported or received in interstate commerce. Tot was convicted of receiving a firearm in 1938 after having previously been convicted of two violent crimes, with no evidence that the gun had been received by him in interstate commerce. Since it had already been decided in the court below that the offense created by the Act is confined to the receipt of firearms or ammunition as part of an interstate shipment, and did not extend to receipt in an intrastate transaction, the question that the Supreme Court had to resolve was whether the statutory presumption could be used to establish the fact of an interstate shipment. In answer to this question the Supreme Court said (319 U.S. 467, 63 S.Ct. 1245):

"Under our decisions, a statutory presumption cannot be sustained if there be no rational connection between the fact proved and the ultimate fact presumed, if the inference of the one from proof of the other is arbitrary because of lack of connection between the two in common experience."

The court then reversed the conviction and held that the fact that a convicted felon possesses a firearm does not necessarily mean that he received it in interstate commerce. While Tot would control the decision in the present case if the crime was confined to the receipt of a firearm, the Federal Firearms Act (now repealed) did not include as a crime the "possession" of a gun. Thus the question is whether the mere possession of a firearm by a convicted felon affects the free flow of commerce or constitutes a burden upon...