United States v. Krol

• Decision Date: 17 April 1967
• Docket Number: No. 15846.,15846.
• Citation: 374 F.2d 776
• Parties: UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Frederick B. KROL, Defendant-Appellant.
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — Seventh Circuit

374 F.2d 776 (1967)

UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Frederick B. KROL, Defendant-Appellant.

No. 15846.

United States Court of Appeals Seventh Circuit.

February 27, 1967.

Rehearing Denied April 17, 1967.

Rehearing Denied April 17, 1967.

George F. Callaghan, Julius Lucius Echeles, Chicago, Ill., for appellant.

Edward V. Hanrahan, U. S. Atty., Richard T. Sikes, John Peter Lulinski, Asst. U. S. Attys., Chicago, Ill., of counsel, for appellee.

Before HASTINGS, Chief Judge, and CASTLE and FAIRCHILD, Circuit Judges.

Rehearing Denied April 17, 1967 en banc.

CASTLE, Circuit Judge.

Frederick B. Krol, the defendant-appellant, prosecutes this appeal from a judgment of conviction and sentence entered by the District Court upon its finding that the defendant was guilty as charged in Count 1 of a two-count indictment. The cause was tried to the court without a jury. The defendant was sentenced to eighteen months imprisonment. Count 1 charged that the defendant in violation of 18 U.S.C.A. §§ 2 and 201 (b) aided and abetted Carl J. Madda to corruptly give $200 to Erwin Katz, an assistant United States Attorney, with intent to influence Katz' decision in connection with a civil case Katz was handling for the government. Count 2 of the indictment, with respect to which the court found the defendant not guilty, charged that the defendant conspired with Madda to violate § 201(b), and it was as part of the conspiracy that defendant and Madda corruptly gave Katz $200 to influence him.

The contested issues presented by the defendant's contentions on appeal are: (1) whether the evidence is sufficient to sustain the conviction; (2) whether inconsistency in the court's findings requires a reversal; (3) whether the court's admission of evidence obtained in violation of the Illinois statute¹ forbidding electronic eavesdropping constitutes reversible error; and (4) whether the receipt of testimony that the defendant had refused to be interviewed by government agents concerning Madda's arrest deprived the defendant of a fair trial.

In resolving the issue of the sufficiency of the evidence to sustain the conviction, we must view the evidence, together with the reasonable inferences which may be drawn therefrom, in the light most favorable to the government. United States v. Weaver, 7 Cir., 360 F.2d 903; United States v. Abraham, 7 Cir., 347 F.2d 395, 396. So viewed, the record before us discloses that defendant was counsel of record for the plaintiff in a civil action (Janus v. United States) pending in the district court. Janus sought to recover damages under the Federal Tort Claims Act for injuries sustained in a collision involving a post office vehicle. Carl J. Madda, also an attorney, was handling the Janus case for Krol. Assistant United States Attorney Erwin Katz represented the government. On December 17, 1963, Katz increased to $500 a prior offer he had made to Madda that the government settle the case for $300. The defendant conveyed the $500 offer to his client, Janus, indicating that it was a "rediculous" offer. Later, on December 17, the defendant, Madda and Katz met in Krol's office to discuss further the matter of settlement. Katz testified that at this meeting Madda twice offered Katz $200 to settle the case for $2,000. Katz stated that he was seated opposite Krol, at the latter's desk, and Madda was about three feet to Katz' right, facing Krol. He further stated that at the points in the conversation where Madda made these offers Krol had picked up the telephone in response to a call and was engaged in a telephone conversation. Katz did not know if Krol actually heard Madda make the offers.² Krol testified at Madda's trial that it was Katz who initiated the bribe offer. In a December 18, telephone conversation in which Katz sought to contact Madda concerning Madda's "offer" of the previous afternoon, the defendant inquired if he couldn't "do it" himself since Janus was his client and Madda was only helping out. The defendant suggested that a later meeting be arranged, and that he would get in touch with Madda. In his testimony at the Madda trial the defendant admitted leaving $200 for Madda, and stated that this was the money paid to Katz. Madda was arrested when he turned $200 over to Katz at a rendezvous following an interim meeting between Katz and Madda.

We are of the opinion that there is sufficient evidence to sustain the defendant's conviction. Defendant, by his own admission, was cognizant of a bribe attempt, although by his version it was Katz who initiated it. Following the bribe offer, the defendant offered to "do it" himself, and eventually provided Madda with the money involved in the payment.

After his December 17 meeting with the defendant and Madda, Katz reported the incident to the FBI and his December 18 telephone conversations with Krol and Madda, and his late afternoon meeting with Madda which preceded the payment of the $200 to Katz the next day, were tape recorded with Katz' consent. These recordings were admitted in evidence over the objections of the defendant. Their content served to corroborate Katz' testimony concerning the events involved. The defendant contends that Lopez v. United States, 373 U.S. 427, 83 S.Ct. 1381, 10 L.Ed.2d 462, requires the exclusion of such electronic recordings as being unlawfully obtained and rendered inadmissible under the Illinois Eavesdropping Act (Ill.Rev.Stat.1965), ch. 38, par. 14-1 et seq.) as construed and applied in People v. Kurth, 34 Ill.2d 387, 216 N.E.2d 154. In this connection the defendant urges that we reject our recent holding in United States v. Jones, 7 Cir., 369 F.2d 217, that in a federal criminal prosecution the admissibility of evidence of conversations obtained through the use of an eavesdropping device is governed by "federal and not state law". He asserts that such holding is out of harmony with the observation in Lopez (373 U.S. 427, 440, 83 S.Ct. 1381, 1388) that:

"* * * constitutional limitations aside, all relevant, competent evidence be admissible, unless the manner in which it has been obtained — for example, by violating some statute or rule of procedure — compels the formulation of a rule excluding its introduction in a federal court. See, e. g., McNabb v. United States, 318 U.S. 332, 63 S.Ct. 608, 87 L.Ed. 819; Mallory v. United States, 354 U.S. 449,"

But the facts involved in Lopez, the references to McNabb and Mallory, and the Court's declaration in the context which followed —

"There has been no invasion of constitutionally protected rights, and no violation of federal law or rules of procedure."

— make it clear that the Court was speaking of federal rather than of state law or procedural rules. And the continuing validity of Rathbun v. United States, 355 U.S. 107, 78 S.Ct. 161, 2 L.Ed.2d 134, is expressly recognized in Lopez, which states (373 U.S. 427, 439, 83 S.Ct. 1381):

"The case is thus quite similar to Rathbun v. United States, 355 U.S. 107, 78 S.Ct. 161, 2 L.Ed.2d 134 in which we sustained against statutory attack the admission in evidence of the testimony of a policeman as to a conversation he overheard on an extension telephone with the consent of a party to the conversation."

We conclude that neither the existence of the Illinois statute nor its construction as applied to a state prosecution (People v. Kurth, supra) require a reappraisal of the federal rule of evidence applied in United States v. Williams, 7 Cir., 311 F.2d 721, 725, or of the holding in our more recent decision in United States v. Jones, supra, that federal and not state law furnishes the standard governing admissibility of evidence in a federal court...