United States v. Leiva

• Decision Date: 04 February 2020
• Docket Number: No. 19-CR-79-CJW-MAR,19-CR-79-CJW-MAR
• Citation: United States v. Leiva, No. 19-CR-79-CJW-MAR (N.D. Iowa Feb 04, 2020)
• Parties: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, Plaintiff, v. ADAM SCOTT LEIVA and CHRISTIN CAMPBELL-MARTIN, Defendants.
• Court: U.S. District Court — Northern District of Iowa

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, Plaintiff, v. ADAM SCOTT LEIVA and CHRISTIN CAMPBELL-MARTIN, Defendants.

No. 19-CR-79-CJW-MAR

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE NORTHERN DISTRICT OF IOWA CEDAR RAPIDS DIVISION

February 4, 2020

ORDER

TABLE OF CONTENTS

I.INTRODUCTION .......................................................................... 2

II.STANDARD OF REVIEW ................................................................ 3

III.FACTUAL BACKGROUND ............................................................. 6

IV.ANALYSIS ................................................................................... 9

A.Seizure of Defendants ............................................................. 10

B.Standing to Contest the Search of the SUV .................................... 14

C.Standing to Contest the Search of the Backpack .............................. 20

D.Searches of the SUV and Backpack under the Fourth Amendment ........ 21

1.Inventory Search Exception .............................................. 21

2.Search Incident to a Lawful Arrest Exception ........................ 26

3.Other Exceptions ........................................................... 31

V.CONCLUSION ............................................................................. 32

I.INTRODUCTION

This matter is before the Court on a Report and Recommendation ("R&R")(Doc. 55) of the Honorable Mark A. Roberts, United States Magistrate Judge.¹On November 4, 2019, defendantsAdam Scott Leiva("Leiva") and Christin Campbell-Martin("Campbell-Martin") both filed motions to suppress.(Docs. 34 & 36).On November 14, 2019, the government timely filed a resistance to both motions.(Doc. 42).On November 19, 2019, Judge Roberts held a hearing on both motions.(Doc. 45).On December 3 and 4, 2019, both defendants and the government timely filed supplemental briefs pursuant to Judge Roberts' Order.(Docs. 48, 49, & 53).²

On January 9, 2020, Judge Roberts issued his R&R, recommending that the Court deny both defendants' motions to suppress.(Doc. 55).The deadline for filing objections to the R&R was January 23, 2020.On January 23, 2020, both defendants filed objections to the R&R.(Docs. 56 & 57).The government did not file any objections or a response.

For the following reasons, the Courtoverrules in part and sustains in partdefendants' objections (Docs. 56 & 57), adopts in part and rejects in part Judge Roberts' R&R with modification (Doc. 55), and denies both defendants' motions tosuppress (Docs. 34 & 36).

II.STANDARD OF REVIEW

The Court reviews Judge Roberts' R&R pursuant to the statutory standards found in Title 28, United States Code, Section 636(b)(1):

A judge of the court shall make a de novo determination of those portions of the report or specified proposed findings or recommendations to which objection is made.A judge of the court may accept, reject, or modify, in whole or in part, the findings or recommendations made by the magistrate judge.The judge may also receive further evidence or recommit the matter to the magistrate judge with instructions.

see alsoFED. R. CIV. P. 72(b)(stating identical requirements).While examining these statutory standards, the United States Supreme Court explained:

Any party that desires plenary consideration by the Article III judge of any issue need only ask.Moreover, while the statute does not require the judge to review an issue de novo if no objections are filed, it does not preclude further review by the district judge, sua sponte or at the request of a party, under a de novo or any other standard.

Thomas v. Arn, 474 U.S. 140, 154(1985).Thus, a district court may review de novo any issue in a magistrate judge's report and recommendation at any time.Id.If a party files an objection to the magistrate judge's report and recommendation, however, the district court must "make a de novo determination of those portions of the report or specified proposed findings or recommendations to which objection is made."28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1).In the absence of an objection, the district court is not required "to give any more consideration to the magistrate's report than the court considers appropriate."Thomas, 474 U.S. at 150.

De novo review, of course, is nondeferential and generally allows a reviewing court to make an "independent review" of the entire matter.Salve Regina Coll. v. Russell, 499 U.S. 225, 238(1991)(noting also that "[w]hen de novo review is compelled,no form of appellate deference is acceptable");seeDoe v. Chao, 540 U.S. 614, 620-19(2004)(noting de novo review is "distinct from any form of deferential review").The de novo review of a magistrate judge's report and recommendation, however, only means a district court"'give[s] fresh consideration to those issues to which specific objection has been made.'"United States v. Raddatz, 447 U.S. 667, 675(1980)(quotingH.R. Rep. No. 94-1609, at 3, reprinted in1976 U.S.C.C.A.N. 6162, 6163(discussing how certain amendments affect Section 636(b))).Thus, although de novo review generally entails review of an entire matter, in the context of Section 636a district court's required de novo review is limited to "de novo determination[s]" of only "those portions" or "specified proposed findings" to which objections have been made.28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1).

Consequently, the Eighth Circuit Court of Appeals has indicated de novo review would only be required if objections were "specific enough to trigger de novo review."Branch v. Martin, 886 F.2d 1043, 1046(8th Cir.1989).Despite this "specificity" requirement to trigger de novo review, the Eighth Circuit Court of Appeals has "emphasized the necessity . . . of retention by the district court of substantial control over the ultimate disposition of matters referred to a magistrate."Belk v. Purkett, 15 F.3d 803, 815(8th Cir.1994).As a result, the Eighth Circuit Court of Appeals has concluded that general objections require "full de novo review" if the record is concise.Id.("Therefore, even had petitioner's objections lacked specificity, a de novo review would still have been appropriate given such a concise record.").Even if the reviewing court must construe objections liberally to require de novo review, it is clear to this Court that there is a distinction between making an objection and making no objection at all.SeeCoop. Fin. Ass'n, Inc. v. Garst, 917 F. Supp. 1356, 1373(N.D. Iowa1996)("The court finds that the distinction between a flawed effort to bring objections to the district court's attention and no effort to make such objections is appropriate.").

In the absence of any objection, the Eighth Circuit Court of Appeals has indicated a district court should review a magistrate judge's report and recommendation under a clearly erroneous standard of review.SeeGrinder v. Gammon, 73 F.3d 793, 795(8th Cir.1996)(noting when no objections are filed and the time for filing objections has expired, "[the district court judge] would only have to review the findings of the magistrate judge for clear error");Taylor v. Farrier, 910 F.2d 518, 520(8th Cir.1990)(noting the advisory committee's note to FED. R. CIV. P. 72(b) indicates "when no timely objection is filed the court need only satisfy itself that there is no clear error on the face of the record");Branch, 886 F.2d at 1046(contrasting de novo review with "clearly erroneous standard" of review, and recognizing de novo review was required because objections were filed).

The Court is unaware of any case that has described the clearly erroneous standard of review in the context of a district court's review of a magistrate judge's report and recommendation to which no objection has been filed.In other contexts, however, the Supreme Court has stated the "foremost" principle under this standard of review "is that '[a] finding is "clearly erroneous" when although there is evidence to support it, the reviewing court on the entire evidence is left with the definite and firm conviction that a mistake has been committed.'"Anderson v. City of Bessemer City, 470 U.S. 564, 573-74(1985)(quotingUnited States v. U.S. Gypsum Co., 333 U.S. 364, 395(1948)).Thus, the clearly erroneous standard of review is deferential, seeDixon v. Crete Med. Clinic, P.C., 498 F.3d 837, 847(8th Cir.2007)(noting a finding is not clearly erroneous even if another view is supported by the evidence), but a district court may still reject the magistrate judge's report and recommendation when the district court is "left with a definite and firm conviction that a mistake has been committed,"U.S. Gypsum Co., 333 U.S. at 395.

Even though some "lesser review" than de novo is not "positively require[d]" by statute, Thomas, 474 U.S. at 150, Eighth Circuit precedent leads this Court to believe that a clearly erroneous standard of review should generally be used as the baseline standard to review all findings in a magistrate judge's report and recommendation that are not objected to or when the parties fail to file any timely objections, seeGrinder, 73 F.3d at 795;Taylor, 910 F.2d at 520;Branch, 886 F.2d at 1046;see alsoFED. R. CIV. P. 72(b) advisory committee's note ("When no timely objection is filed, the court need only satisfy itself that there is no clear error on the face of the record in order to accept the recommendation.").In the context of the review of a magistrate judge's report and recommendation, the Court believes one further caveat is necessary: a district court always remains free to render its own decision under de novo review, regardless of whether it feels a mistake has been committed.SeeThomas, 474 U.S. at 153-54.Thus, although a clearly erroneous standard of review is deferential and the minimum standard appropriate in this context, it is not mandatory, and the district court may choose to apply a less deferential standard.

III.FACTUAL BACKGROUND

After reviewing the record, the Court finds that Judge Roberts accurately and...