United States v. Madero

• Decision Date: 04 February 2019
• Docket Number: CASE NO. 17-2133 (GAG)
• Citation: 356 F.Supp.3d 208
• Parties: UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff, v. Jose Luis VAELLO MADERO, Defendant.
• Court: U.S. District Court — District of Puerto Rico

356 F.Supp.3d 208

UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff,

v.Jose Luis VAELLO MADERO, Defendant.

CASE NO. 17-2133 (GAG)

United States District Court, D. Puerto Rico.

Signed February 4, 2019

Daniel Riess, U.S. Department of Justice, Washington, DC, David O. Martorani-Dale, United States Attorney's Office, Hato Rey, PR, for Plaintiff.

John W. Ferre-Crossley, San Juan, PR, Juan O. Perla, Hermann Ferre, PHV, Robert Groot, Curtis, Mallet-Prevost, Colt & Mosle LLP, New York, NY, for Defendant.

OPINION AND ORDER

GUSTAVO A. GELPI, District Judge

Article IV of the Constitution confers upon Congress the power to enact all needful rules and regulations for governing territories of the United States. This clause, however, is not carte blanche for Congress to switch on and off at its convenience the fundamental constitutional rights to Due Process and Equal Protection enjoyed by a birthright United States citizen who relocates from a State to Puerto Rico. Congress, likewise, cannot demean and brand said United States citizen while in Puerto Rico with a stigma of inferior citizenship to that of his brethren nationwide. To hold otherwise would run afoul of the sacrosanct principle embodied in the Declaration of Independence that "All Men are Created Equal."

Pending before the Court are defendant Jose Luis Vaello-Madero and plaintiff United States' motions for Summary Judgment. (Docket Nos. 57, 59). Vaello Madero contends he is not required to return the payments he received in Social Security Income ("SSI") disability benefits upon changing his domicile to Puerto Rico since excluding a United States citizen residing in the territory from receiving the same runs afoul of the equal protection guarantees of the Due Process Clause. In turn, the United States posits that limiting SSI eligibility to residents of the fifty states and the District of Columbia is constitutionally permissible. Based on the foregoing analysis, Vaello-Madero's Motion for Summary Judgment is GRANTED and the United States' Cross-Motion for Summary Judgment is DENIED .

I. Relevant Factual and Procedural Background

The facts of this case are undisputed and have been jointly proposed by both parties. (Docket No. 51 at pages 2-4).

Vaello-Madero resided in New York between 1985-2013. While there, he received SSI disability benefits, which were deposited into his New York bank account. In July 2013, he moved to Puerto Rico, and continued to receive SSI disability payments in his New York bank account until August 2016. Vaello-Madero was unaware that his relocation would affect his SSI disability entitlement.

Vaello-Madero learned he was ineligible for SSI payments in June 2016. Via two notices that summer, the Social Security Administration ("SSA") stopped its SSI payments, and retroactively reduced said payments to $ 0 for August 2013 through August 2016. The notices informed Vaello-Madero that the SSA could contact him "about any payments we previously made," but did not inform him that he would have to return the amount of benefits collected while in Puerto Rico.

On August 25, 2017, the United States commenced the current civil action against Vaello-Madero to collect $ 28,081.00 in overpaid SSI benefits received following his relocation from United States mainland to territory. Surprisingly, the United States moved for voluntary dismissal of its claims against Vaello-Madero claiming lack of jurisdiction under 42 U.S.C. § 408(a)(4), on the ground that the SSA's administrative requirements had not been met. (Docket No. 23). Vaello-Madero filed an opposition to the voluntary dismissal arguing that the dismissal "raises the prospect that the United States might be trying to abandon its chosen forum in response to what it might perceive as a serious setback." (Docket No. 25 at 12). The Court agreed with Vaello-Madero, finding that since the United States brought suit, the Court had "broad jurisdictional power" to entertain the same. (Docket No. 36 at 3). United States v. Vaello-Madero, 313 F.Supp.3d 370 (D.P.R. 2018).

In support of his motion for summary judgment, Vaello-Madero argues that the Social Security Act's exclusion of Puerto Rico from the SSI benefits program under section 1382c(e) thereof violates the equal protection guarantees of the Due Process Clause. The United States argues, in turn, that Congress' determinations as to eligibility requirements for government benefits hold a strong presumption of constitutionality. Furthermore, the United States claims that Congress' authority under the Territorial Clause enables it to pass economic and social welfare legislation for the territories where there is a rational basis for such actions.

Oral arguments were held on December 20, 2018 at the Luis A. Ferré Courthouse in Ponce, Puerto Rico. (Docket No. 88). Besides the parties, the Commonwealth, as well as the sole representative in Congress from Puerto Rico, Jenniffer González, as amici curiae , participated.

Because the salient facts are not in controversy, and the issue at bar rather is entirely a legal-constitutional one, the Court shall directly proceed to address its merits.

II. Analysis

Today's ruling will not delve into the complex constitutional issues of Puerto Rico as a territory of the United States for the past 120 years. Instead, the Court's analysis will focus exclusively on Vaello-Madero's defense regarding the constitutionality of the restitution sought by the government.

A. Social Security Act and Supplemental Disability Benefits

The SSI program was created to aid the Nation's aged, blind, and disabled persons who qualify due to proven economic need. 42 U.S.C. § 1382. Unlike Social Security and Medicare, individuals do not contribute toward the SSI program.¹ In order to be eligible for the SSI program an individual must reside in the "United States," id. at § 1382(f), which, in turn, is defined as the 50 States and the District of Columbia. Id. at § 1382c(e).² Since Puerto Rico is not included in the aforesaid definition, a United States citizen such as Vaello-Madero is automatically excluded from the SSI program. The United States justifies this exclusion under Congress' plenary powers under the Territorial Clause. Further, it asserts that the denial of SSI disability payments to United States citizens in Puerto Rico does not violate the Fifth Amendment's equal protection guarantee under a deferential rational basis review standard.

B. The Territorial Clause

The Territorial Clause is not a blank check for the federal government to dictate when and where the Constitution applies to its citizens. "The Constitution grants Congress and the President the power to acquire, dispose of, and govern territory, not the power to decide when and where its terms apply." Boumediene v. Bush, 553 U.S. 723, 765, 128 S.Ct. 2229, 171 L.Ed.2d 41 (2008). "Even when the United States acts outside its borders, its powers are not ‘absolute and unlimited’ but are subject ‘to such restrictions as are expressed in the Constitution.’ " Boumediene, 553 U.S. at 765, 128 S.Ct. 2229 (citing Murphy v. Ramsey, 114 U.S. 15, 44, 5 S.Ct. 747, 29 L.Ed. 47 (1885) ).

Congress indeed possesses a wide latitude of powers to effectively govern its territories. However, "[a]bstaining from questions involving formal sovereignty and territorial governance is one thing. To hold the political branches have the power to switch the Constitution on or off at will is quite another." Boumediene, 553 U.S. at 765, 128 S.Ct. 2229. This "would permit a striking anomaly in our tripartite system of government, leading to a regime in which Congress and the President, not [the judicial branch], say what the law is." Boumediene, 553 U.S. at 765, 128 S.Ct. 2229 (citing Marbury v. Madison 5 U.S. 137, 177, 1 Cranch 137, 2 L.Ed. 60 (1803) ). The authority to treat the territory of Puerto Rico itself unlike the States does not stretch as far as to permit the abrogation of fundamental constitutional protections to United States citizens as Congress sees fit.

The powers granted under the Constitution are not infinite. "The power the Constitution grants it also restrains. And though Congress has great authority to design laws to fit its own conception of sound national policy, it cannot deny the liberty protected by the Due Process Clause of the Fifth Amendment." United States v. Windsor, 570 U.S. 744, 774, 133 S.Ct. 2675, 186 L.Ed.2d 808 (2013). Thus, the broad power granted under the Territorial Clause does not allow Congress to eradicate the sacrosanct fundamental constitutional protections afforded to United States citizens residing in the States and Puerto Rico.

C. Equal Protection Guarantee of the Fifth Amendment

The Fifth Amendment's Due Process Clause assures that the same equal protection principles of the Fourteenth Amendment generally constrain the federal government, even though the Equal Protection Clause by its terms does not. Bolling v. Sharpe, 347 U.S. 497, 500, 74 S.Ct. 693, 98 L.Ed. 884 (1954). The United States argues that Congress may place restrictions on the eligibility "of persons residing in United States territories to receive payments under the [SSI] program administered by the [SSA], and that such restrictions are consistent with equal protection principles".

In order for the Court to be persuaded by the United States' argument, it would have to sanction the proposition that Congress can disparately classify United States citizens residing in Puerto Rico, running counter to the very essence and fundamental guarantees of the Constitution itself. "The liberty protected by the Fifth Amendment's Due Process Clause contains within it the prohibition against denying to any person the equal protection of the laws." Windsor, 570 U.S. at 774, 133 S.Ct. 2675.

"The Constitution's guarantee of equality ‘must at the very least mean that a bare congressional desire to harm a politically unpopular group cannot’ justify disparate treatment of that group." Windsor, 570 U.S. at 770, 133 S.Ct. 2675 (citing ...