United States v. Martin

• Decision Date: 28 August 2012
• Docket Number: No. 11–1208.,11–1208.
• Citation: 692 F.3d 760
• Parties: UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff–Appellee, v. Raymond M. MARTIN, Defendant–Appellant.
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — Seventh Circuit

692 F.3d 760

UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff–Appellee,

v.Raymond M. MARTIN, Defendant–Appellant.

No. 11–1208.

United States Court of Appeals, Seventh Circuit.

Argued Dec. 2, 2011.

Decided Aug. 28, 2012.

James M. Cutchin (argued), Attorney, Office of the United States Attorney, Benton, IL, for Plaintiff–Appellee.

Christopher Catizone (argued), Diana M. Watral (argued), Attorney, Kirkland & Ellis LLP, Chicago, IL, for Defendant–Appellant.

Before RIPPLE and ROVNER, Circuit Judges, and FEINERMAN, District Judge.^*

ROVNER, Circuit Judge.

Raymond M. Martin was the Sheriff of Gallatin County, Illinois, from 1990 until his conviction on fifteen counts including marijuana distribution, possession of a firearm during a drug trafficking crime, conspiracy to distribute marijuana, witness tampering, conspiracy to tamper with witnesses, and attempted structuring of financial transactions. The evidence at trial demonstrated that Martin solicited Jeremy Potts to sell marijuana supplied by Martin, with Martin taking a cut of the profits from that sale. Martin obtained the marijuana from other persons and also obtained marijuana from the Gallatin County evidence storage facilities. When Potts sought to end the relationship and discontinue selling the marijuana, Martin threatened him using his county-issued service weapon. The government obtained audio and video recordings of three deliveries of marijuana by Martin to Potts, and Martin was in uniform, in his patrol vehicle, and in possession of his service revolver for those deliveries. Martin was then arrested and charged with three counts of marijuana distribution and two counts of carrying a firearm in relation to a drug trafficking crime. While incarcerated at the jail, Martin separately solicited two inmates to kill Potts and another witness, and Martin took steps to obtain payments for the murders and to provide directions to the homes of those intended victims. Those actions formed the basis for the convictions for witness tampering and illegal structuring of financial transactions to avoid Currency Transaction Reports.

Martin raises only two challenges on appeal. First, he argues that the presence of a non-juror in the jury room for a short period of time deprived him of his right to an impartial jury. Second, he asserts that the district court committed plain error in relying on an incorrect Guidelines calculation in sentencing him.

The jury issue arises from a rather bizarre sequence of events on the second day of trial. The first day had been devoted entirely to jury selection and opening statements. The morning of the second day, one of the jurors—who hailed from Christopher, Illinois—was late for jury duty. A court security officer waiting for the late juror saw a woman, whom we will call CM, drive up, and asked CM if she was coming from Christopher. When CM replied in the affirmative, the security officer escorted her to the jury room, believing that CM was the late juror from Christopher. No one apparently asked CM if she was a juror. CM was in the jury room for no more than 5 minutes when the jurors lined up to proceed into the courtroom. CM then informed a security officer that she did not think she was supposed to be there.

When only 13 of the 14 jurors filed into the courtroom, it became apparent to the district court judge that there was a problem. The judge was informed that a non-juror had been mistakenly taken to the jury room, and the court began an investigation into the matter.

In response to questioning by the court marshal, CM had indicated that she had no connection to the case, and that she lived in Junction, Illinois. That was a cause of concern to the court and the parties, because it appeared to conflict with the statement that she was from Christopher, Illinois. In addition, she had been in the courtroom taking notes the previous day as an observer, and had a pad and pencil on this day as well. With the agreement of the parties, the judge decided to question each juror individually to determine whether CM had communicated with them in any way in the jury room, and to question CM. The prosecutor and defense attorney elected to be present for the questioning of CM but not for the individual jurors.

Without exception, each juror testified that CM did not speak to anyone in the jury room. The consistent testimony was that she entered the jury room and, after using the restroom, went to a seat at the far end of the jury table and sat quietly there. Martin seizes upon the initial remarks of one juror that it was “a little scary” when she entered. That person acknowledged, however, that he did not talk to her or see anyone else talk to her, and when the judge queried as to whether CM realized that she was in the wrong place when the jurors walked out, that juror acknowledged “I guess so.” Another juror concurred with that assessment, stating “[y]ou could tell she was feeling the same way. That she wasn't—had been sent to the wrong place.”

The sole communication that CM had with a juror consisted of a brief interaction in the hallway as CM was being escorted from the jury room and the late juror was coming to the jury room. That late juror, seeing CM, asked CM if she was a late juror too and CM replied “No.” There was no other testimony of any other communication between CM and any juror.

The judge, with the government and defense attorneys present, then questioned CM. She testified that she did not speak with anyone in the jury room and even asked whether there were security cameras that could confirm her testimony (there were not.) The court then explored her connection to the case, asking why she had stated that she was not connected with the trial. The court determined that CM was not herself connected to the case, but that her husband was an unindicted coconspirator. She also clarified that the court security officer had asked her whether she had come from Christopher, not whether she was from there, and she responded affirmatively because that is where she had come from that day. Finally, CM testified that she initially thought that the security officer was taking her to a holding room as part of the court security for visitors to the courtroom. Once she realized that she did not belong there, she informed the court security officer of that fact.

After hearing the testimony from the jurors and CM, the court notified the parties that it intended to proceed with the trial. Defense counsel did not object to that determination. Martin now complains on appeal that the brief encounter of the jurors with CM deprived him of his right to an impartial jury.

Because Martin did not raise any such objection at trial, we review for plain error. United States v. Ambrose, 668 F.3d 943, 963 (7th Cir.2012); United States v. Thibodeaux, 758 F.2d 199, 202 (7th Cir.1985). Accordingly, we will reverse only if we find an error that is plain, that affects the defendant's substantial rights, and that seriously affects the fairness, integrity or public reputation of judicial proceedings, effectuating a miscarriage of justice. Id.; United States v. Olano, 507 U.S. 725, 732–34, 113 S.Ct. 1770, 123 L.Ed.2d 508 (1993). Martin first argues that the court failed to remedy actual jury bias, asserting that such an error is a structural error that is automatically reversible. See United States v. Warner, 498 F.3d 666, 679 (7th Cir.2007)(discussing structural errors not subject to harmless error analysis); United States v. Harbin, 250 F.3d 532, 542–43 (7th Cir.2001). The basis for this argument is the statement by one juror that it was “a little scary” when CM entered the jury room instead of the actual 14th juror. Martin argues that because the trial involved allegations of witness tampering, it was reasonable to assume that the juror could make the connection between witness tampering and potential jury tampering, and that the juror was therefore prejudiced by that encounter. Martin reads far too much into the relatively innocuous statement that it was “a little scary” when CM came into the room. She had been escorted there by the court security officer who believed her to be the 14th juror, and the juror who made the statement knew that she was not a juror. In that context the juror described the situation as “a little scary.” That same juror appeared to agree with the judge's statement that CM then realized that she did not belong there. No follow-up statements by the juror indicated any concerns once CM separated herself from the jurors. Moreover, the court repeated to many of the jurors that CM's presence there was the fault of the court security officer, not CM. Although the court allowed CM to remain in the courtroom as a spectator afterward to take notes, there is no reason to believe that her presence would cause concern among the jurors. In fact, CM's continued presence in the courtroom would indicate to the jury that the court at least did not perceive her to present a threat. There is simply no evidence of actual bias here.

We are left then with Martin's more general claim of improper jury tampering. We have repeatedly held that alleged errors related to improper communication with jurors do not constitute structural errors subject to automatic reversal, but rather are the type of trial errors subject to the harmless error standard. Warner, 498 F.3d at 679;Whitehead v. Cowan, 263 F.3d 708, 722 (7th Cir.2001); see also Olano, 507 U.S. at 737–38, 113 S.Ct. 1770. Because Martin failed to object, as pointed out earlier he must meet the plain error standard.

Martin's argument in this area relates to the court's handling of the allegedly improper contact with the jurors. Martin argues that the court applied the incorrect legal standard under Remmer v. United States, 347 U.S. 227, 229, 74 S.Ct. 450, 98 L.Ed. 654 (1954), in that it presumed that the contact was not prejudicial, and that the court improperly focused only on the facts of the contact and...