United States v. McQueen
| Decision Date | 22 August 2013 |
| Parties | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, Plaintiff-Appellee Cross-Appellant, v. ALEXANDER MCQUEEN, STEVEN DAWKINS, Defendants-Appellants Cross Appellees. |
| Court | U.S. Court of Appeals — Eleventh Circuit |
[PUBLISH]
Appeals from the United States District Court
for the Southern District of Florida
Before BARKETT and MARCUS, Circuit Judges, and CONWAY,* District Judge.
Alexander McQueen, a Sergeant at the South Florida Reception Center ("SFRC"), appeals his conviction for conspiring to deprive several inmates of their right to be free from cruel and unusual punishment following a jury trial, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 241, and for obstruction of justice, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1519. Steven Dawkins, a corrections officer at the SFRC, also appeals his conviction for obstruction of justice. Both officers argue that the evidence was insufficient to support their obstruction convictions, the district court gave erroneous jury instructions, and the government improperly bolstered a witness's testimony. McQueen also claims the evidence was insufficient to sustain the conspiracy charge.
In a cross-appeal, the government contests McQueen's sentence of a twelve month prison term and Dawkins's sentence of only one month in jail, arguing that the sentences varied sharply from the recommended Guidelines range -- indeed, they varied downward by more than 90% from the bottom of the sentencing range -- and were substantively unreasonable. After thorough review, we affirm the convictions but vacate the sentences and remand for resentencing.
The essential facts adduced at trial are these: Scott Butler, Guruba Griffin, Alexander McQueen, and Steven Dawkins (collectively, "the CorrectionsOfficers") worked as law enforcement officers at the South Florida Reception Center, a state prison in Doral, Florida. A federal grand jury sitting in the Southern District of Florida charged that, on or about February 25, 2009, Butler, Griffin, and McQueen assaulted prisoners, sometimes using broomsticks, as Dawkins idly watched. Count One of the indictment specifically alleged that the four prison guards conspired in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 241 "to injure, oppress, threaten, and intimidate inmates" so as to violate the prisoners' right "to be free from cruel and unusual punishment." Count Two charged McQueen with having filed a false report to obstruct justice, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 1519, and Count Three charged Dawkins with likewise obstructing justice in violation of § 1519.
Although the Corrections Officers were to be tried together, the government sought to introduce Rule 404(b) evidence that Butler and Griffin organized fights among inmates, that they regularly carried broomsticks as weapons, and that Griffin routinely disciplined inmates using extreme and violent measures. Since some of this evidence was relevant only as to Griffin and Butler but could unfairly prejudice Dawkins and McQueen, the district court concluded that the trial should engage the services of two petit juries. One jury would hear all the evidence, including evidence of other crimes, wrongs, or acts, and decide Griffin's and Butler's fate; the other jury would decide McQueen's and Dawkins's cases but would not observe the 404(b) evidence.
Both juries heard an extensive and violent story concerning the abuse and beatings of several inmates at the South Florida Reception Center. Juedline Bertrand and Marvin Woods were housed in the "youthful offender" wing of the prison, where every prisoner under the age of twenty-one and convicted of a felony was kept, segregated and safeguarded from the older inmates in the prison. On February 25, 2009, Bertrand accused Woods of stealing his "honey bun"; a fight broke out between them in an empty room on the second floor of their prison wing. During the fight, Woods smashed his head against an object -- a toilet or possibly the metal frame of a bunk bed -- causing him to gash his face and bleed. As the fight wound down, the public address system instructed the prisoners to return to their cells. Bertrand returned, but Woods, who was dazed and confused, didn't move. Officer Griffin, who was going from cell to cell counting the inmates, found Woods in an empty room. When Woods would not disclose who injured him, Griffin ordered every inmate in the wing -- two dozen or so -- into the day room, demanded that the prisoners get their stories straight, and walked out.
Griffin later returned to the day room with Sergeant McQueen and Officer Dawkins in tow. Griffin asked the assembled inmates who had fought with Woods. No one responded. McQueen was the ranking officer at the time. In retaliation for the prisoners' silence, McQueen grabbed a broomstick, snapped it in half, and whacked Woods's legs with the broken broomstick. Woods begged McQueen tostop, but that apparently further enraged the officer, causing him to slam Woods's head, aggravating Woods's injury. Officer Griffin, also armed with a broomstick, then turned his attention to inmate Rondell Lyles. Griffin asked Lyles whether he had seen the fight. Lyles said that he had not. Apparently not believing Lyles, Griffin directed Lyles to put his hands on a bench, whereupon he smacked Lyles's knuckles some three to six times with the broomstick half.
Griffin then asked the assembled inmates if any of them wanted to fight. One prisoner, Branden Pressley, responded that he would brawl with Bertrand. Griffin sanctioned the fight, but imposed certain rules -- the fighters were required to box, not wrestle, for three rounds of three minutes each. Not being professional boxers, Pressley and Bertrand violated the rules and, at times, wrestled. When that happened, Griffin and McQueen hit or slapped the violator. At one point, Sergeant McQueen fiercely choked Pressley, who begged McQueen and Griffin to stop the fight. The officers wouldn't let him quit, however, forcing the fight to continue. When the fight finally ended, Bertrand sucker punched Pressley, which led McQueen to attack Bertrand, again with the broomstick. Tired and overpowered by a corrections officer wielding a broomstick, Bertrand curled into a defensive ball. Griffin came over to Bertrand, reassured him that he could get off the floor, and promised that no one would hurt him any more. But as soon as Bertrand stood up, Griffin slapped or punched his nose, causing it to bleed. Griffin grabbed Bertrand'sthroat, choking him with two hands and digging his nails into the inmate's neck. Griffin converted the choke into a chokehold and held it long enough to knock Bertrand unconscious.
The wanton violence continued on February 25th. Griffin and McQueen proceeded to beat another inmate, Kenneth Steward, with the broomstick halves. They did so because Steward had earlier harassed one of Sergeant McQueen's friends in the medical room. McQueen and Griffin -- for no apparent reason -- also struck another inmate, Lazaro Martinez, with broomstick halves, striking Martinez's chest and arms six to eight times. The beatings continued as Griffin and McQueen also pummeled inmate Christopher Jarret with broomsticks. Although somewhere between twenty and twenty-five prisoners witnessed the beatings, only one complained to the prison officials; the others refused to speak in fear of reprisal.
Several prison officials testified at trial. They recounted in some detail the injuries sustained by inmates Bertrand, Jarret, Martinez, Steward, and Woods to their chests, arms, and biceps. The injuries were visible days after the attacks. The officials also testified that corrections officers were required to report any violence involving the prisoners, including the use of force by other corrections officers. Nevertheless, two reports -- one written by McQueen and the other by Dawkins -- downplayed or ignored the repeated acts of violence that occurred on February 25,2009. Dawkins signed a housing unit log that made no mention of violence or of any fighting. McQueen, who eventually accompanied Woods to the medical station, drafted an incident report about Woods's injuries. The report falsely failed to recite that Woods was attacked by Sergeant McQueen; rather, it explained that Woods had injured himself while cleaning the shower.
The second of the two petit juries also heard additional testimony concerning Officers Griffin and Butler. Griffin repeatedly warned the prisoners that, if any of them had a problem with another inmate, he would let the two fight. Griffin also forced the arms of at least two prisoners inside ice water filled coolers, waited for the ice water to numb their arms, and then struck their hands with handcuffs or broomsticks.
In the end, the jury found Sergeant McQueen guilty both of conspiring to violate the prisoners' civil rights and of filing a false report in order to obstruct justice. The same jury, however, found Officer Dawkins not guilty of conspiring to violate the prisoners' right to be free from cruel and unusual punishment, but concluded that he too was guilty of obstructing justice. The second jury found Butler not guilty, but it could not return a verdict against Officer Griffin, resulting in a mistrial.
The district court scheduled Griffin's case for a second trial, but instead Griffin entered into a plea agreement whereby he would plead guilty to a misdemeanor for willfully depriving one inmate of a right secured by the Constitution in violation of § 242, and thereby face a maximum exposure of only one year in jail. In sharp contrast, both McQueen and Dawkins faced substantially greater prison exposure. Dawkins's obstruction of justice charge carried a maximum sentence of twenty years' imprisonment. 18 U.S.C. § 1519. The presentence investigation report ("PSI") for Dawkins recommended a base offense level of 14 under § 2J1.2(a) of the United States Sentencing Guidelines.1 Dawkins had no criminal history, so he had a criminal history...
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