United States v. Novick, 76.

• Decision Date: 02 March 1942
• Docket Number: No. 76.,76.
• Citation: United States v. Novick, 124 F.2d 107 (2nd Cir. 1942)
• Parties: UNITED STATES v. NOVICK.
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — Second Circuit

124 F.2d 107 (1941)

UNITED STATES v.NOVICK.

No. 76.

Circuit Court of Appeals, Second Circuit.

December 1, 1941.

Writ of Certiorari Denied March 2, 1942.

Jacob W. Friedman, of New York City(Fred D. Kaplan, of New York City, on the brief), for appellant.

Peter J. Donoghue, Asst. U. S. Atty., of New York City(Mathias F. Correa, U. S. Atty., and Winston H. Pickett, Asst. U.S. Atty., both of New York City, on the brief), for the United States.

Before L. HAND, AUGUSTUS N. HAND and CLARK, Circuit Judges.

Writ of Certiorari Denied March 2, 1942.See62 S.Ct. 795, 86 L.Ed. ___.

CLARK, Circuit Judge.

This appeal from a conviction for conspiring to evade payment of taxes upon distilled spirits raises principally questions as to rulings by the district court.True, appellant asserts that there was insufficient evidence to go to the jury; but we think this point is so clearly against him that an exhaustive review of the facts is unnecessary.Indeed, appellant hardly stresses the point except to afford a basis for his contention that any claimed errors made in the course of the trial must have affected him quite adversely.

Appellant was one of seventy-two defendants indicted on the conspiracy charge.In general, it was shown that there were five stills in operation in the Bronx and Yonkers; and there was substantial evidence establishing the interrelationship of various defendants with the several stills and the sources of supply.The evidence with reference to appellant connected him principally with the supplying of sugar for the operations and the renting of "drops" where the sugar could be temporarily stored.

Appellant operated two restaurants in Yonkers, which were frequented by various of the defendants.The first direct connection of appellant with the conspiracy occurred in April or May, 1939, when he approached one Galdo, operator of a garage in Yonkers, with reference to storing sugar in Galdo's garage.An agreement between Galdo and other defendants resulted, and large quantities of sugar were dropped at the garage.On another occasion appellant performed the same service in obtaining another garage to be used as a "drop."Appellant also acted as a go-between in inducing a wholesale grocery to supply some sugar, which apparently was used for the stills.These three instances added to much other incriminating testimony, including testimony of several admissions on his part, clearly warranted submission of the case to the jury.

The error most strongly urged by appellant relates to admission of evidence which, he says, tended to impeach him only on a collateral issue and was highly prejudicial because it suggested his guilt of another crime than that in issue here.But we think that under the circumstances it was proper rebuttal testimony.On direct examination, appellant, while seeking to explain his relationship with one of the defendants, admitted that he played "numbers."On cross-examination he was interrogated as to certain papers found in his possession at the time of his arrest, when his counsel volunteered the suggestion that he had no objection to the admission of all such papers in evidence.They were so received and appellant readily admitted that they referred to the numbers game.He asserted, however, that they showed bets he made, and denied that they indicated bets he had taken.Thereafter in rebuttal the prosecutor called a city detective as an expert on "policy numbers."The substance of his testimony was that from the papers in evidence he could determine that they were the sort used by a policy banker, rather than a mere policy player.This was objected to as a collateral issue and, after a motion to strike was denied, was followed by extensive cross-examination of the witness as to policy games in general and as to the papers in evidence in particular.

Appellant argues that the testimony of the detective was error both because its effect was to brand appellant a perjurer on a collateral matter and because it imputed to appellant a criminal offense other than that charged.These two claims are interconnected; if the latter and more serious objection fails, the former will necessarily go with it.It is settled beyond question that extrinsic evidence to prove the commission of another crime is inadmissible, and that the cross-examiner is bound by the witness' denial except where there is a conviction of record.Rau v. United States, 2 Cir., 260 F. 131;People v. De Garmo, 179 N.Y. 130, 71 N.E. 736;3 Wigmore on Evidence, 3d Ed. 1940, §§ 987, 980.But this clear rule does not seem to us applicable under the circumstances.Here appellant himself had pretty thoroughly opened the matter.In admitting that he played the numbers he was endeavoring to explain his admitted close association with a co-defendant who was a bookmaker.If in rebuttal it was established that appellant was a numbers banker, the jury might infer a different relationship and thus discount his protestations of innocent friendship.Certainly some leeway must be accorded the prosecution in offsetting the effect of original testimony of appellant.Moreover, once the papers were in evidence without objection, an explanation of the figures on them would appear to be in order.Without such explanation the exhibit might well be more confusing to the jury than any asserted confusion arising from further testimony.

Hence it would seem that the testimony under the circumstances was directly admissible to rebut appellant's testimony.But in any event it seems within the discretion of the court to hold that there was no unfair surprise or confusion of the issues under the circumstances.A court is hardly justified in reversing for confusion of issues without surprise, 6 Wigmore on Evidence, 3d Ed. 1940, § 1906; and surprise is surely lacking as to an issue opened by appellant.And if the evidence was proper rebuttal, the fact that incidentally it implied an illegal act on appellant's part would not bar it.1 Wigmore on Evidence, 3d Ed. 1940, § 215.Even if the ruling be considered discretionary only, the possibility of prejudice does not seem to us strong enough to require a reversal.No one mentioned policy banking as a crime, except for...