United States v. Pioneer American Insurance Company

• Decision Date: 10 June 1963
• Docket Number: No. 405,405
• Citation: 10 L.Ed.2d 770,374 U.S. 84,83 S.Ct. 1651
• Parties: UNITED STATES, Petitioner, v. PIONEER AMERICAN INSURANCE COMPANY et al
• Court: U.S. Supreme Court

374 U.S. 84

83 S.Ct. 1651

10 L.Ed.2d 770

UNITED STATES, Petitioner,

v PIONEER AMERICAN INSURANCE COMPANY et al.

No. 405.

Argued April 17, 1963.

Decided June 10, 1963.

Richard M. Roberts, Washington, D.C., for petitioner.

Owen C. Pearce, Fort Smith, Ark., for respondents.

Mr. Justice WHITEdelivered the opinion of the Court.

The United States has sought review of a decision of the Supreme Court of Arkansas subordinating the federal tax lien (26 U.S.C. § 6321) to a lien for attorney's fees included in an antecedent mortgage contract.235 Ark. 267, 357 S.W.id 653.Because of conflict between the Arkansas decision and United States v. Bond, 279 F.2d 837(C.A.4th Cir.);In re New Haven Clock & Watch Co., 253 F.2d 577(C.A.2d Cir.), we granted certiorari, 371 U.S. 909, 83 S.Ct. 254, 9 L.Ed.2d 169.

When the taxpayers in 1958 acquired their interest in the parcel of real estate involved here, they assumed liability on a note and the deed of trust (first mortgage) securing it, which were held by respondentPioneer American Insurance Company.The note obligated taxpayers 'in the event of default herein and of the placing of this note in the hands of an attorney for collection, or this note is collected through any court proceedings, to pay a reasonable attorney's fee.'¹The taxpayers at the same time executed a note and second mortgage to their vendor, respondentThe Development Company, and subsequently, in April 1960, the real estate became burdened again with a mechanic's lien in favor of Alfred J. Anderson.

In October of 1960, taxpayers defaulted on the first mortgage monthly installment and failed thereafter to meet payments as they fell due.On March 24, 1961, Pioneer American filed a suit to foreclose its mortgage and sought, in addition to the principal and interest, a reasonable attorney's fee.The United States was named a partydefendant because of two outstanding federal tax liens against the taxpayers which were filed on November 29, 1960, and January 30, 1961.The United States admitted its liens were subordinate to the principal and interest on the first and second mortgages but claimed that the liens were superior to the claim for the attorney's fee.Three additional federal tax liens subsequently were filed on April 14, July 17, and October 3, 1961.²

On November 15, 1961, the Chancery Court entered its decree of foreclosure which fixed the attorney's fee at $1,250 and determined the priority of the various claimants.After satisfaction of court and foreclosure sale costs, Pioneer American was accorded first priority for principal, interdst and the attorney's fee; the Development Company took next on principal and interest under the second mortgage; Alfred J. Anderson shared thereafter on his mechanic's lien and the United States took last.The property was sold and proceeds were received which satisfied all claims except $3,615.28 of the federal tax liens.³The United States appealed to the Supreme Court of Arkansas asserting that it was entitled to priority over the attorney's fees, ⁴ and that $1,250 more should have been applied to reduce the unpaid federal taxes.⁵With one judge dissenting, the Arkansas court rejected that contention and sustained the superiority of the claim for the attorney's fee.

It goes unchallenged that the claim for the attorney's fee, arising out of the obligations assumed by the taxpayer in 1958, became enforceable under Arkansas law as a contract of indemnity at the time of default in October 1960 before the filing of the first federal tax liens.Furthermore, it is evidence that the suit in which this attorney's fee was earned was commenced on March 24, 1961, prior to the filing of the unpaid federal tax liens crucial to this suit, i.e., the liens of April 14, July 17, and October 3, 1961.Nevertheless, because this fee had not been incurred and paid and could not be finally fixed in amount until November 15, 1961, after all the federal liens had been filed, we hold that the claim for attorney's fees remained inchoate at least until that date and that the federal tax liens are entitled to priority.

The priority of the federal tax lien provided by 26 U.S.C. § 6321 as against liens created under state law is governed by the common-law rule—'the first in time is the first in right.'United States v. New Britain, 347 U.S. 81, 85—86, 74 S.Ct. 367, 370, 98 L.Ed. 520.It is critical, therefore, to determine when competing liens, whether federal- or state-created, come into existence or become valid for the purpose of the rule.

The tax lien arises, according to § 6322, when the tax is assessed, but as against the specific interests mentioned in § 6323(a)—mortgagees, pledgees, purchasers and judgment creditors—it is not valid until placed of public record, and insofar as the federal lien attaches to securities, mortgagees, pledgess and purchasers must have actual notice of the lien.⁶§ 6323(c).

As for a lien created by state law, its priority depends 'on the time it attached to the property in question and became choate.'United States v. New Britain, supra, 347 U.S. at 86, 74 S.Ct. at 370;United States v. Security Trust & Savings Bank, 340 U.S. 47, 71 S.Ct. 111, 95 L.Ed. 53.Choate state-created liens take priority over later federal tax liens, United States v. New Britain, supra;Crest Finance Co. v. United States, 368 U.S. 347, 82 S.Ct. 384, 7 L.Ed.2d 342, while inchoate liens do not.SeeUnited States v. Liverpool & London Ins. Co., 348 U.S. 215, 75 S.Ct. 247, 99 L.Ed. 268;United States v. Scovil, 348 U.S. 218, 75 S.Ct. 244, 99 L.Ed. 271;United States v. Colotta, 350 U.S. 808, 76 S.Ct. 82, 100 L.Ed. 725.And it is a matter of federal law when such a lien has acquired sufficient substance and has become so perfected as to defeat a later-arising or later-filed federal tax lien.⁷'Otherwise a State could affect the standing of federal liens, contrary to the established doctrine, simply by causing an inchoate lien to attach at some arbitrary time even before the amount of the tax, assessment, etc., is determined.'United States v. New Britain, supra, 347 U.S. at 86, 74 S.Ct. at 371.The federal rule is that liens are 'perfected in the sense that there is nothing more to be done to have a choate lien—when the identity of the lienor, the property subject to the lien, and the amount of the lien are established.'Id., 347 U.S. at 84, 74 S.Ct. at 369.

We reject respondents' contention that the choateness rule has no place when a mortgage under § 6323(a) is involved.The predecessor to § 6323 was first enacted by Congress in 1912 in order to protect mortgagees, purchasers and judgment creditors against a secret lien for assessed taxes and to postpone the effectiveness of the tax lien as against these interests until the tax lien was filed.H.R.Rep.No. 1018, 62d Cong., 2d Sess.The section dealt with the federal lien only and it did not purport to affect the time at which local liens were deemed to arise or to become choate or to subordinate the tax lien to tentative, conditional or imperfect state liens.Rather, we believe Congress intended that it out of the whole spectrum of state-created liens, certain liens are to enjoy the preferred status granted by § 6323, they should at least have attained the degree of perfection required of other liens and be choate for the purposes of the federal rule.

The Court has never held that mortgagees face a less demanding test of perfection than other interests when competing with the federal lien.Indeed United States v. R. F. Ball Constr. Co., 355 U.S. 587, 78 S.Ct. 442, 2 L.Ed.2d 510, stands for just the contrary.There the state law creditor, asserting that the assignment under which he claimed was a mortgage within the predecessor to § 6323, insisted upon priority over the federal lien by virtue of the previously executed assignment.A majority of the Court, although not expressly declaring the assignment to be a mortgage, held that § 6323(a) afforded the creditor no protection since his interest was 'inchoate and unperfected.'The four dissenters thought the assignment was a mortgage and that it was 'completely perfected' and 'in all respects choate.'While disagreeing on the choateness of the particular assignment involved there, the Court was unanimous in applying the choateness test to those seeking the protection of § 6323(a).We follow that lead here and therefore proceed to measure against the rule the choateness of the mortgagee's lien for reasonable attorney's fees before us.

Clearly the identity of the lienholder and the property subject to the lien are definite here, but it is equally apparent that the amount of the lien for attorney's fees was undetermined and indefinite when the federal tax liens in question were filed.⁸The mortgage held by respondents secured a promissory note which obligated the mortgagor maker to pay a 'reasonable attorney's fee''in the event of default' and 'of the placing of this note in the hands of an attorney for collection.'By the time the federal liens subordinated by the Arkansas courts were placed of public record, default has occurred, the mortgagee had elected to declare the note due and payable, an attorney had been engaged and a suit to foreclose the mortgage had been filed.But the 'reasonable attorney's fee'—reasonable in relation to the service to be performed by the attorney—had not been reduced to a liquidated amount.The final amount was to be established by court decree and the Chancery Court set the fee considerably below the sum requested.Moreover, there is no showing in this record that the mortgagee had become obligated to pay and had paid any sum of money for services performed prior to the filing of the federal tax lien.

Ball once again provides a parallel.Sums due the contractor-taxpayer under a particular construction contract were assigned to the surety as security for any future indebtedness of the contractor to the surety arising under that contract or...