United States v. Van Leeuwen
| Decision Date | 27 October 1969 |
| Docket Number | No. 23449.,23449. |
| Citation | 414 F.2d 758 |
| Parties | UNITED STATES of America, Appellee, v. Gerritt Johannes VAN LEEUWEN, Appellant. |
| Court | U.S. Court of Appeals — Ninth Circuit |
Craig G. Davis (argued), Bellingham, Wash., for appellant.
William H. Rubidge (argued), Asst. U. S. Atty., Eugene G. Cushing, U. S. Atty., Seattle, Wash., for appellee.
Before CHAMBERS and KOELSCH, Circuit Judges, and *SOLOMON, District Judge.
Certiorari Granted October 27, 1969. See 90 S.Ct. 175.
Gerritt Johannes Van Leeuwen was convicted of illegally importing gold coins into the United States in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 545. He asserts the post office violated the Fourth Amendment when it detained two first class packages without a warrant. He also asserts an affidavit in support of a search warrant was insufficient. We reverse on the basis of Appellant's first claim.
On March 28, 1968, at about 1:30 P. M., Appellant mailed two twelve-pound packages at the post office in Mount Vernon, Washington. He sent both packages by first class mail and insured each for $10,000. Appellant told the postal clerk that the packages contained coins. As Appellant was leaving the post office, the clerk told Captain Belgard of the Mount Vernon police that he was suspicious of the packages. Captain Belgard noticed that Appellant's car had British Columbia license plates and that the return address on the packages was a vacant housing area of a neighboring junior college.
Captain Belgard called Sergeant McKenzie of the Canadian police, who, in turn, called R. J. O'Hearn, Customs Officer-in-charge at Seattle, Washington. At about 3:00 P.M. O'Hearn called the Customs office in Van Nuys, California, the destination of one of the packages. He learned that the addressee was under investigation for trafficking in illegal coins. O'Hearn could not reach the Customs office at Nashville, Tennessee, the destination of the other package, because of the time difference. When he called the next morning, he learned that the addressee of the second package was also suspected of trafficking in gold coins. O'Hearn secured a search warrant and opened the packages at 6:30 P. M. on March 29. The Mount Vernon post office detained the packages for 29 hours, between the time they were mailed and the execution of the warrant. No judicial officer authorized this detention.
First class mail is protected by the Fourth Amendment. Ex parte Jackson, 96 U.S. 727, 24 L.Ed. 877 (1878). Oliver v. United States, 239 F.2d 818, 61 A.L.R.2d 1273 (8th Cir.1957). In Lustiger v. United States, 386 F.2d 132 (9th Cir.1967), the Court said:
386 F.2d at 139. (Emphasis added.)
The Fourth Amendment protects "the right of the people to be secure * * * in their papers and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures." The information known to Captain Belgard immediately after Appellant mailed the packages would reasonably have justified a brief detention, without a warrant, while a further investigation could be made. Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 20-21, 88 S.Ct. 1868, 1879, 20 L.Ed.2d 889 (1968); cf. Warden, Md. Penitentiary v. Hayden, 387 U.S. 294, 87 S.Ct. 1642, 18 L.Ed.2d 782 (1967).
By 3:00 P.M., O'Hearn knew that the addressee of one of the packages was under investigation for trafficking in gold coins. This additional fact supplied probable cause to search the packages. Instead, O'Hearn decided to wait until the following day so he could call the customs office at the destination of the second package. This decision represents an understandable exercise of caution. Nevertheless, as a result of this delay, the packages were detained for 29 hours at the post office. This period was unreasonably long, and the officers should have obtained a warrant authorizing the detention. Katz v. United States, 389 U.S. 347, 88 S.Ct. 507, 19 L.Ed.2d 576 (1967); Lustiger v. United States, supra; see Davis v. Mississippi, 394 U.S. 721, 89 S.Ct. 1394, 22 L.Ed.2d 676 (1969); Camara v. Municipal Court, 387 U.S. 523, 87 S.Ct. 1727, 18 L.Ed.2d 930 (1967).
In Katz, the Government urged the Court to "retroactively validate" the conduct of its agents who had eavesdropped on the defendant's telephone conversations. The Government argued that the agents "did no more than they might properly have done with prior judicial sanction." 389 U.S. at 356, 88 S. Ct. at 514. The Court rejected this argument:
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