United States v. Whitlow
Decision Date | 23 December 1964 |
Docket Number | No. 14551.,14551. |
Parties | UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. William Oral WHITLOW, Defendant-Appellant. |
Court | U.S. Court of Appeals — Seventh Circuit |
George F. Callaghan, Anna R. Lavin, Chicago, Ill., for defendant-appellant.
Edward R. Phelps, U. S. Atty., Richard E. Eagleton, Asst. U. S. Atty., Peoria, Ill., for plaintiff-appellee.
Before CASTLE, SWYGERT and MAJOR, Circuit Judges.
Following a trial by jury, William Oral Whitlow and Phyllis Jean Whitlow, his wife, were convicted on Count 2 of an indictment which charged a violation of Title 18 U.S.C.A. § 1708, by receiving, concealing and unlawfully having in their possession mail, articles and things contained therein, to-wit: one $1,000 Illinois State Toll Highway Commission Bond, Ser. #279323, and twenty $1,000 direct obligation serial notes of the Diocese of Buffalo, New York, Serial Nos. M1176 to M1195, inclusive, which had been stolen, taken and abstracted from and out of a mail receptacle which was an authorized depository for mail matter, knowing the same to have been stolen. From the judgment of conviction only the defendant, William Oral Whitlow, appeals.1
Prior to trial, the Whitlows filed their motion to suppress evidence alleged to have been unlawfully seized and for return of property. Also prior to trial, hearing was had on the motion, which the Court, on March 29, 1963, denied, except it ordered the return of $200, shown to be household money. United States v. Jordan et al., S.D.Ill., 216 F. Supp. 310.
The property described in the second count of the indictment and received in evidence at the trial was seized by officers from defendant's home in the execution of a search warrant. Among the grounds urged for reversal is that the warrant was issued upon an affidavit legally insufficient in that it did not show probable cause. We hold that it was insufficient, and that the Court erred in denying defendant's motion to suppress.
Defendant's motion to suppress was made pursuant to Rule 41(e) of the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure:
This rule is complementary to the Fourth Amendment of the United States Constitution, which provides:
"The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated, and no Warrants shall issue, but upon probable cause, supported by Oath or affirmation, and particularly describing the place to be searched, and the persons or things to be seized."
Thus, the question for decision is whether the Commissioner from the facts of the affidavit could properly determine the existence of "probable cause" essential to the issuance of the search warrant. It may be pertinent in the beginning to be reminded of the seriousness of the question presented. In Sgro v. United States, 287 U.S. 206, 210, 53 S.Ct. 138, 140, 77 L.Ed.2d 260, the Court stated:
To the same effect, United States v. Lefkowitz et al., 285 U.S. 452, 464, 52 S.Ct. 420, 76 L.Ed. 877. In Nathanson v. United States, 290 U.S. 41, 47, 54 S.Ct. 11, 13, 78 L.Ed. 159, the Court stated:
The prerogatives of the Commissioner in determining the existence of probable cause are discussed and pointedly noted in Giordenello v. United States, 357 U.S. 480, 78 S.Ct. 1245, 2 L.Ed.2d 1503. The Court stated (page 486, 78 S.Ct. page 1250):
After pointing out the deficiencies in the complaint, the Court on the same page stated:
"We think these deficiencies could not be cured by the Commissioner\'s reliance upon a presumption that the complaint was made on the personal knowledge of the complaining officer."
The Court concluded its discussion on the following page, with the statement:
"* * * the issue of probable cause had to be determined by the Commissioner, and an adequate basis for such a finding had to appear on the face of the complaint."
The warrant under attack was issued by a United States Commissioner on the strength of an affidavit dated September 1, 1962, and signed by Donald L. Semlow, a United States Postal Inspector. The affidavit stated that Semlow "has good reason to believe and does believe that in and upon certain premises * * * known as Bill Whitlow residence * * * are now located * * *" (then follows a description of numerous items of property, including that described in the indictment, a part or all of $20,000 in currency and two diamond rings "obtained as a result of a felony in violation of the statutes of the United States in that the foregoing items were stolen from the mails of the United States").
The affidavit in support of Semlow's belief stated:
The government in its effort to justify the issuance of the warrant relies heavily upon Jones v. United States, 362 U.S. 257, 80 S.Ct. 725, 4 L.Ed.2d 697, and Rugendorf v. United States, 376 U.S. 528, 84 S.Ct. 825, 11 L.Ed.2d 887. In its brief it states:
"Applying the clear holdings of Rugendorf and Jones, this Court must determine whether a substantial basis existed for the Commissioner to conclude that items of stolen mail matter were probably in the Whitlow residence."
In making such determination there must be added a third case, Aguilar v. State of Texas, 378 U.S. 108, 84 S.Ct. 1509, 12 L.Ed.2d 723, decided June 15, 1964, which the government in its brief does not mention and which was decided subsequent to the District Court's denial of the motion to suppress.
In Jones, the essential point decided by the Court is that hearsay contained in the affidavit may, under the circumstances of that case, constitute the basis for a determination of probable cause. The deficiencies of the affidavit in the instant case are forcibly shown by a comparison of the allegations here with those in the affidavit in Jones.2 The Court's résumé of the affidavit in that case follows:
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