United States v. Williams
Decision Date | 30 March 2022 |
Docket Number | 18-13890 |
Parties | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. ELBERT LEE WILLIAMS, Defendant-Appellant. |
Court | U.S. Court of Appeals — Eleventh Circuit |
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Middle District of Georgia D.C. Docket No. 5:16-cr-00064-MTT-CHW-1
Before Jordan, Jill Pryor, and Tjoflat, Circuit Judges.
Elbert Lee Williams appeals his conviction by guilty plea for intent to distribute cocaine and cocaine base under 21 U.S.C § 841(a)(1). Williams alleges that the District Court improperly denied his right to self-representation under Faretta v. California, 422 U.S. 806, 95 S.Ct. 2525 (1975). However, despite (1) the existence of a circuit split on whether a voluntary guilty plea waives the right to self-representation on appeal and (2) our own order to Williams's appellate counsel instructing her to brief whether this Court can review a denial of the right to self-representation following a guilty plea, Williams's appellate counsel failed to make any argument in the opening brief that even approached the applicable legal question. Accordingly, Williams has forfeited any argument under which we may grant relief in this appeal, and so we must affirm the District Court.
Williams is a 54-year-old man who withdrew from high school prior to completing the tenth grade; although capable of reading and writing, he has no other formal education. From 1988 to 1990 Williams committed a variety of offenses such as theft burglary, and breaking into a car. He pled guilty with the assistance of counsel to each of these charges and received probation and ninety days confinement. Over the course of 1991, Williams was charged with and, with the assistance of counsel subsequently pled guilty to burglary, three counts of cocaine distribution, and first-degree arson. For these crimes, he received a concurrent sentence of twenty years. Williams remained in custody from 1991 until December 2004, when he was paroled; however, he subsequently had his parole revoked in August 2005 after being found in possession of cocaine. Williams was paroled again in 2007, only to shortly thereafter be found driving under the influence of alcohol and in possession of cocaine. He pled guilty to these new offenses with the assistance of counsel and received a thirty-year sentence, of which he was to serve seven years in prison and the balance on probation. Williams was released on probation on April 27, 2015.
On April 13, 2016, in the instant case, police officers applied for and were granted a search warrant for the house where Williams was then located. During the subsequent search, Williams was found in a bedroom of that house in possession of 34.6 grams of powder cocaine, 11 grams of crack cocaine, .80 grams of marijuana, $1, 740 cash, and a handgun. On November 9, 2016, Williams was charged with four counts: (1) possession with intent to distribute cocaine and cocaine base, (2) possession of marijuana, (3) felon in possession of a firearm, and (4) possessing a firearm in furtherance of a drug-trafficking crime. He was arrested, appointed counsel, then released on bail.
Despite having been appointed counsel, Williams began making numerous pro se motions. To the extent William's pro se motions were intelligible, they put forth legal arguments common to the sovereign citizen movement. The FBI has provided the following description of sovereign citizen ideology:
Federal Bureau of Investigation, "Sovereign Citizens: An Introduction for Law Enforcement" 3 (Nov. 2010), https://info.publicintelligence.net/FBI-SovereignCitizens.pdf. Sovereign citizens often target incarcerated individuals for recruitment and training. Id. at 13. As happened here, sovereign citizens have been known to challenge the jurisdiction of district courts to try criminal cases by asserting that the federal government has no authority over a sovereign citizen. See United States v. Benabe, 654 F.3d 753, 766-67 (7th Cir. 2011) ( ).
Williams informed District Judge Marc T. Treadwell that he had "fired" his attorney, Catherine Williams (no relation), on April 10, 2017, at a pretrial hearing. Consequently, Judge Tread-well set a Faretta hearing for April 12 to determine whether Williams could knowingly and intelligently decide to represent himself. Between April 10 and April 12, Judge Treadwell denied several of Williams's pro se motions and Williams filed several more.
The Faretta hearing began with a brief discussion about the motions filed and denied in the intervening days and segued into Judge Treadwell informing Williams of the purpose of a Faretta hearing. Judge Treadwell then stated that:
Judge Treadwell then reminded Williams of the charges against him and inquired about the source of Williams's sovereign citizen theories. Williams replied that he had picked up his theories while studying with other inmates during his time incarcerated. Williams continued by comparing his legal situation to drowning, stating that "[a] drowning man will reach for a straw just to survive." Judge Treadwell replied that he understood that Williams felt desperate, stating:
Williams then inquired about the district court's subject matter jurisdiction and questioned how the "United States of America" could prosecute him as the United States is not a person. Judge Treadwell briefly explained, then stated:
Judge Treadwell then questioned Williams about whether he understood that he would have to abide by the Federal Rules of Evidence and the Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure and reiterated that William's theories had no basis in law or fact. Williams replied with a long statement explaining his prior legal troubles, the difficulty he has had with law enforcement and lawyers, and his skepticism towards the criminal judicial system. Williams summed up his position by stating "[s]o if I'm going to take my life and just give it away why shouldn't I do it myself?"
Following Williams's statement, Judge Treadwell segued into asking Williams about his mental health. Williams explained that he had been diagnosed with depression and medicated while incarcerated, but that while outside prison he relied only on "[g]oing to church and dealing with the Lord" for treatment.
Judge Treadwell then asked how Williams saw his trial "unfolding" in this case, and Williams replied that he intended to make the same sovereign citizen arguments ("constitutional restraint and fraud subject matter jurisdiction") at trial. Judge Treadwell explained that the jury would decide only questions of fact and that since Williams's arguments were questions of law, Williams would be unable to discuss his arguments at trial once they were denied, although he could appeal that decision after...
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