United States v. Woodbury
| Citation | 263 F.2d 784 |
| Decision Date | 02 February 1959 |
| Docket Number | Misc. No. 820. |
| Parties | UNITED STATES of America, Appellant, v. Ray B. WOODBURY, Appellee. |
| Court | United States Courts of Appeals. United States Court of Appeals (9th Circuit) |
George Cochran Doub, Asst. Atty. Gen., Samuel D. Slade, Alan S. Rosenthal and Seth H. Dubin, Attys., Dept. of Justice, Washington, D. C., C. E. Luckey, U. S. Atty., Portland, Or., for appellant.
King, Miller, Anderson, Nash & Yerke, Portland, Or., for appellee.
Before POPE, HAMLEY and HAMLIN, Circuit Judges.
The United States of America, defendant herein, has applied to this court for permission to appeal from an interlocutory order entered by the district court during the course of pretrial proceedings. The application is made under 28 U.S.C.A. § 1292(b), enacted September 2, 1958, enlarging the jurisdiction of the courts of appeals to entertain appeals from interlocutory orders.1 The plaintiff, Ray B. Woodbury, opposes the application, arguing that several of the conditions specified in the statute have not been met.
The action was brought by Woodbury under the Tort Claims Act2 to recover $863,000 damages. The theory of the action is that the Housing and Home Finance Agency (HHFA) had breached a fiduciary duty owed to Woodbury in connection with the financing of a housing project in Kodiak, Alaska. The government answered, setting up certain defenses3 and counterclaiming to recover $400,000 damages for breach of a construction contract by a company controlled by Woodbury.
On September 10, 1958, Woodbury filed a motion with the district court, under Rule 34, Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, 28 U.S.C.A., for the production of documents for inspection, copying, or photographing. The documents sought to be produced were "* * * the files containing correspondence, contract documents, interoffice memoranda, intraoffice memoranda and memoranda of meetings and conferences * * *" pertaining to the Kodiak project. Such documents, it was asserted, were in the possession of the HHFA and other named government agencies.
The government opposed this motion on the ground that it was too broad and that Woodbury had not shown "good cause" as required by Rule 34. The district court suggested that the government examine its files and make available to Woodbury all documents of the general nature described in the motion and which the government did not object to producing. This was done and certain documents were made available to Woodbury's counsel. The remaining documents were withheld from Woodbury under a claim of privilege.4
All of the withheld documents were made available to the court. After reviewing them, the court, on December 17, 1958, entered an order requiring the government to produce these documents, with certain exceptions not here material. Albert M. Cole, Administrator of HHFA, declined to comply with this order for the reasons stated in his formal claim of privilege. Invoking Rule 37(b) (2), Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, 28 U.S.C.A., Woodbury thereupon moved for an order striking the government's answer and counterclaim.
In response to this motion an order was entered on January 12, 1959, striking the government's answer and counterclaim. For the apparent purpose of enabling the government to apply to this court under § 1292(b) for permission to appeal from that order, the following recital is set forth therein:
"This Order in the opinion of the Court involves a controlling question of law as to which there is substantial ground for difference of opinion and that an immediate appeal from the order may materially advance the ultimate termination of the litigation."5
The government's application for permission to appeal from that order was filed in this court on January 17, 1959.
Under § 1292(b), a court of appeals may not grant permission to appeal from an interlocutory order not included under paragraph (a) of that section unless the order sought to be reviewed contains certain recitals. One of the required recitals is that in the opinion of the district judge the order involves "a controlling question of law." The district judge who entered the order of January 12, 1959, included such a recital in that order.
The government here argues, and the district judge presumably believed, that the "controlling" question of law which such an appeal would present is whether the government is entitled to withhold the documents under a claim of privilege. Woodbury argues that this is not a "controlling" question within the meaning of § 1292(b).
The opinion of the district judge that a controlling question is involved, while deserving of careful consideration, is not binding upon this court when we are called upon to exercise our discretion under the statute.6 We accordingly reexamine that point.
Section 1292(b) was intended primarily as a means of expediting litigation by permitting appellate consideration during the early stages of litigation of legal questions which, if decided in favor of the appellant, would end the lawsuit.7 Examples of such questions are those relating to jurisdiction or a statute of limitations which the district court has decided in a manner which keeps the litigation alive but which, if answered differently on appeal, would terminate the case.8
But we do not hold that a question brought here on interlocutory appeal must be dispositive of the lawsuit in order to be regarded as controlling. The senate report referred to in footnote 6 cites as one instance in which § 1292(b) may be applied a district court order granting or denying a motion to join a third party defendant. In Deepwater Exploration Co. v. Andrew Weir Ins. Co., Ltd., D.C.E.D.La., 167 F.Supp. 185, it is indicated that an interlocutory order transferring a cause from one district to another may be appealed under § 1292(b) if it is claimed that the transferee court does not have jurisdiction. In neither of these instances would reversal be dispositive of the case, yet the questions may nevertheless be considered as controlling.
In United States v. View Crest Garden Apts., Inc., 9 Cir., 265 F.2d 205, permitted an interlocutory appeal under § 1292 (b). That was a mortgage foreclosure suit brought by the United States. The order appealed from constituted a determination that the rights of the United States were to be governed by state instead of federal law. As a result the district court denied an application for a receivership which might otherwise have been granted. That basic determination as to the applicable law might also have led to other results seriously affecting the relief otherwise available to the government.9
There was accordingly the prospect that unless the order in the View Crest case were reversed in the early stages of the suit all or a part of the fruits of the litigation would be lost to the plaintiff. The question was therefore regarded as controlling, though the answer to it could not dispose of the case.
In our view the question of privilege which the government now would have us review involves nothing as fundamental as the determination of who are necessary and proper parties, whether a court to which a cause has been transferred has jurisdiction, or whether state or federal law shall be applied.
The issues of this lawsuit and the ability of the court to render a binding decision therein are in no way affected by the order to produce documents. The documents are in existence and compliance with the order is possible, though it may be a tactical disadvantage to have to do so. Only if the government chooses to stand on its claim of privilege will its legal position be affected — for then its pleadings will be stricken.
We recognize that the order to produce documents confronts the government with a perplexing dilemma.10 But litigants have always had to deal with difficult choices of this kind as a result of orders entered prior to or during trials. Nothing in the statute or in its legislative history indicates that § 1292(b) was designed to relieve the parties from such hazards.11
In our opinion the claim of privilege here asserted is collateral to the basic issues of this case, and cannot be regarded as presenting a "controlling question of law" as those words are used in the statute.
Having reached this conclusion, we express no opinion as to the other reasons advanced by the defendant why this application...
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