United States v. Zamoran-Coronel, ZAMORAN-CORONE
Citation | 231 F.3d 466 |
Decision Date | 17 October 2000 |
Docket Number | ALSO,CAROL-LOPE,No. 00-2044,APPELLANT,ZAMORAN-CORONE,00-2044 |
Parties | (8th Cir. 2000) UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, APPELLEE, v. CARMENKNOWN AS LORENA Submitted: |
Court | United States Courts of Appeals. United States Court of Appeals (8th Circuit) |
Appeal from the United States District Court for the District of Nebraska.
Before Beam, Heaney and Morris Sheppard Arnold, Circuit Judges,
Appellant Carmen Zamoran-Coronel appeals the district court's 1 ruling that she voluntarily consented to a search of her car. She also asserts the car was located within the curtilage of a dwelling. We affirm.
On December 16, 1998, a law enforcement source notified Officer Gonzalez of the Omaha Police Department that a car driven by one Carol-Lopez and carrying methamphetamine would arrive that day in Omaha. The source described the car and provided an apartment address as its destination. The Omaha police established surveillance at the apartment and observed in a small parking lot behind the building a car matching the provided description. Officer Gonzalez and Sergeant Fidone observed Pedro Lopez-Zarazua leaving the apartment. After confirming that he lived there, they sought and received permission to search the apartment.
Returning to the apartment, Lopez-Zarazua entered first, followed by Officers Gonzalez and Henry, and Sergeant Fidone. The officers wore plain clothes, did not draw their weapons and identified themselves with their badges. Inside the apartment were Erika Jacobo, Maria Lopez-Cortez and a third woman who identified herself as Lorena Carol-Lopez, but who turned out to be defendant Carmen Zamoran-Coronel. Jacobo explained that she had just arrived from California in a car driven by the defendant. Having seen the car outside, Officer Gonzalez asked Zamoran-Coronel in English whether he could search it, to which she nodded her head. He then said, again in English, "yes or no" to which she replied "yes." He then asked her in Spanish "Would you permit me to search your car?" In Spanish she replied and handed him the keys to the car.
Without actually opening or entering it, Officer Gonzalez confirmed the keys fit the car. Meanwhile, Sergeant Fidone completed an English search consent form for Zamoran-Coronel. When Officer Gonzalez returned, Zamoran-Coronel told him that she understood some English. He then explained to her in English that the form gave the officers the right to search the car. He did not inform her of her Miranda rights at that time, nor did he inform her of her right to refuse the search. The form, which she then signed, did state that she had a right to refuse.
After obtaining Zamoran-Coronel's signature on the form, Officer Gonzalez asked Officer Henry to have his drug detection dog perform a drug sniff on the car. The dog alerted at the seams of both the driver and passenger side doors. The officers then returned to the apartment and told Zamoran-Coronel that they wanted to take the car to a police assembly area for further inspection. After hearing the request in Spanish, she again agreed. At the police garage, the officers found methamphetamine secreted inside the car frame.
The government charged Zamoran-Coronel with possession of methamphetamine with intent to distribute in violation of 21 U.S.C. 841(a)(1). She moved to suppress the results of the search. After two hearings and findings of fact by a magistrate judge, the district court considered and denied the motion. The defendant thereafter pled guilty to the charge, conditioned on this appeal, and received a sentence of 48 months.
Zamoran-Coronel raises two issues. First, she contends she did not voluntarily consent to the search of her vehicle. Second, she argues the vehicle sat within the apartment's curtilage, requiring the officers to obtain a search warrant before performing any search. We review the district court's finding of consent for clear error, and review ultimate determinations of law de novo. United States v. Pena-Saiz, 161 F.3d 1175, 1177 (8th Cir. 1998).
Zamoran-Coronel first contends she did not voluntarily consent to the car search. She argues the totality of the circumstances, including the presence of law enforcement officers in the apartment's confines, her lack of education, her lack of fluency in English, the officers' failure to inform her of her right to refuse consent and her lack of prior experience with law enforcement, combine to render her consent involuntary.
The Fourth Amendment prohibits only unreasonable searches. U.S. Const. amend. IV. Searches voluntarily consented to do not offend this prohibition. Schneckloth v. Bustamonte, 412 U.S. 218, 222 (1973). Consent is voluntary if it constitutes "'an essentially free and unconstrained choice by its maker.'" Id. at 225 (quoting Culombe v. Connecticut, 367 U.S. 568, 604-05 (1961)). This determination requires examination of the totality of the circumstances surrounding both the environment of the encounter and the nature of the consenting party. Id. at 226; United States v. White, 81 F.3d 775, 780 (8th Cir. 1996). Our cases recount a variety of factors a court might consider in determining voluntariness, see United States v. Chaidez, 906 F.2d 377, 381 (8th Cir. 1990), but recognize that such factors "should not be applied mechanically." Id. The inquiry turns on the totality of the circumstances, which must demonstrate that "the police reasonably believe[d] the search to be consensual." United States v. Sanchez, 156 F.3d 875, 878 (8th Cir. 1998).
We look first to the environment. Lopez-Zarazua entered the apartment first, and explained the officers' purpose to those inside before they entered. The officers identified themselves with their badges, all wore plainclothes although one wore a raid- vest, and none drew their weapons. The officers sought permission at every step of the search. No one was arrested until after the complete search of the vehicle, and the officers were not in the apartment long before consent was given.
Zamoran-Coronel argues the presence of up to four officers in the apartment's close confines negated the possibility of voluntary consent. However, the mere presence of some police officers in a confined space does not necessarily exert coercion of a constitutionally-defective nature. Police officers, whether uniformed or not, necessarily exert some moral and administrative authority. Indeed, such authority and whatever naturally persuasive effect accompanies it, goes to the very core purpose for having visible officers entrusted with keeping the peace. See United States v. Dupree, 202 F.3d 1046, 1050 (8th Cir. 2000) ( ). Such, however, does not offend the Constitution. In Florida v. Bostick, for instance, the Supreme Court rejected the argument that given the "cramped confines of a bus," wherein officers might "tower over a seated passenger," the defendant could not have given voluntary consent to a search of his bags. 501 U.S. 429, 435 (1991). Similarly, we have held that consent may be voluntarily given even when seated in an officer's patrol car. Chaidez, 906 F.2d at 379.
The relevant inquiry rather is whether the officers did anything to affirmatively communicate to the defendant that she was not free to terminate the encounter or to refuse the consent request. Bostick, 501 U.S. at 435-37. See Bumper v. North Carolina, 391 U.S. 543, 550 (1968) ( ); United States v. Alberts, 721 F.2d 636, 640 (8th Cir. 1983) (same). See also Pena-Saiz, 161 F.3d at 1176-78 ( ). Only when officers so indicate, "by explicit or implicit means, by implied threat or covert force," does consent become involuntary. Schneckloth, 412 U.S. at 228. The record here suggests no such conduct. The environment did not render Zamoran-Coronel's consent involuntary.
The voluntary consent inquiry also requires analysis of the defendant herself. At the time of the search, Zamoran-Coronel was twenty-six years old and had...
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