US ex rel. Luther v. Consolidated Industries, Civ. A. No. CV89-PT-0101-S.

• Decision Date: 12 September 1989
• Docket Number: Civ. A. No. CV89-PT-0101-S.
• Citation: 720 F. Supp. 919
• Parties: UNITED STATES of America ex rel. Robert N. LUTHER, Plaintiff, v. CONSOLIDATED INDUSTRIES, INC., Thor Systems, Columbus Sanders, and A, B, C, D, E and F, Defendants.
• Court: U.S. District Court — Northern District of Alabama

720 F. Supp. 919

UNITED STATES of America ex rel. Robert N. LUTHER, Plaintiff, v. CONSOLIDATED INDUSTRIES, INC., Thor Systems, Columbus Sanders, and A, B, C, D, E and F, Defendants.

Civ. A. No. CV89-PT-0101-S.

United States District Court, N.D. Alabama, S.D.

September 12, 1989.

George C. Batcheler, Asst. U.S. Atty., Frank W. Donaldson, U.S. Atty., for N.D. Ala., Birmingham, Ala., Michael F. Hertz, Dept. of Justice, John R. Bolton, Asst. Atty. Gen., Civ. Div., Dept. of Justice, Washington, D.C., and Robert Salcido, U.S. Dept. of Justice, Washington, D.C., for plaintiff.

John J. Callahan, Jr., and Howell R. Riggs, Jr., Bell Richardson & Sparkman, Huntsville, Ala., Joel R. Feidelman, Fried, Frank, Harris, Shriver & Jacobson, Washington, D.C., Alan M. Grayson, Fried, Frank, Harris, Shriver & Jacobson, Washington, D.C., for defendants.

MEMORANDUM OPINION

PROPST, District Judge.

This matter is before the court on defendants' Motion to Dismiss or for Summary Judgment and Award of Attorneys' Fees and Expenses filed on May 25, 1989. The court understands the facts to be as follows.

This is a civil qui tam action under 31 U.S.C. § 3730(b)(1) and § 3729(a)(2) brought by the Relator, Robert N. Luther, against the defendants, Consolidated Industries, Inc., Thor Systems, Columbus Sanders, and fictitious parties, A, B, C, D, E and F.¹

Robert N. Luther was Director of Engineering at Consolidated Industries, Inc., ("CII"). Mr. Luther named this division Thor Systems. Thor Systems was awarded two contracts with Teledyne Brown Engineering ("Teledyne"), which were in fact two subcontracts under government prime contracts.

Luther prepared and submitted invoices to Teledyne. The Defense Contract Audit Agency ("DCAA") conducted an audit of Teledyne's contracts and found some discrepancies. Defendants contend that Luther submitted "bogus invoices" and billed for engineers' and scientists' time at rates that exceeded their actual earnings. Luther contends that nothing in the invoices submitted by him is false, fraudulent or bogus. Due to the discrepancies, Teledyne cancelled its contracts with CII.

Defendants now move to dismiss or for summary judgment because the relator did not allege that the Government actually paid or approved a false or fraudulent claim. Defendants argue that there cannot be recovery under the False Claims Act unless the claim was paid or approved.

False Claims Act

The False Claims Act was enacted after a series of sensational Congressional inquiries unearthed numerous instances of defense contractor fraud against the Union Army during the Civil War. The law was meant to punish such practices as the mixing of gunpowder with sawdust. Wall, False Claims Reform Act, 60 WISC.B. BULL. 16 (Oct. 1987). "The chief purpose ... was to provide for restitution to the government of money taken from it by fraud." United States ex rel. Marcus v. Hess, 317 U.S. 537, 551, 63 S.Ct. 379, 388, 87 L.Ed. 443 (1943). "To achieve this, the statute reaches beyond `claims' which might be legally enforced, to all fraudulent attempts to cause the Government to pay out sums of money." United States v. Neifert-White, 390 U.S. 228, 233, 88 S.Ct. 959, 962, 19 L.Ed.2d 1061 (1967).

The False Claims Act was amended by the "False Claims Amendments Act of 1986," Pub.L. No. 99-562, § 2, 100 Stat. 3153 (codified as amended at 31 U.S.C. §§ 3729-33) (1986). The amendments' purposes were to deter Government fraud through increased civil penalties and damages; to unify judicial interpretations of the Act's liability standard; and to stimulate private citizen assistance in halting government fraud through qui tam actions.

Under the former Act, a defendant found liable was required to pay double the damages incurred by the United States because of the defendant's conduct, in addition to a forfeiture of $2,000 for each violation of the Act. The 1986 amendments, however, require the payment of treble damages and the forfeiture of not less that $5,000 and not more than $10,000 for each violation of the Act. Additionally, for the first time in the Act's history, the 1986 amendments provide definitions of the terms "knowing" and "knowingly" and expressly state that "no proof of specific intent to defraud is required." 31 U.S.C. § 3729(b). Whether this description of the standard of liability is viewed as a "clarification" or as an outright change in the law, it is clear that the 1986 amendments affect the cases in the Eleventh Circuit, which had held that an intent to deceive of defraud the Government is a discrete element of False Claims act liability. Citations omitted. United States v. Hill, 676 F.Supp. 1158, 1163 (N.D.Fla.1987).

* * * * * *

The deletion of the "specific intent to defraud" requirement now brings less culpable conduct within the ambit of the law. Id. at 1170.

The qui tam amendments encourage more private citizen participation through such provisions that allow the private plaintiff to take a more active role if he so chooses (31 U.S.C. § 3730(c)(1)) and for an increased recovery if the suit is successful (31 U.S.C. § 3730(d)).

The pertinent part of the 1986 amended Act reads as follows:

§ 3729(a) Liability for certain acts —

Any person who —

(2) knowingly makes, uses or causes to be made or used a false record or statement to get a false or fraudulent claim paid or approved by the Government; ... is liable to the United States Government for a civil penalty of not less than $5,000 and not more $10,000, plus three times the amount of damages which the Government sustains....

31 U.S.C. § 3729(a)(2).

CLAIM UPON OR AGAINST GOVERNMENT

A false claim is actionable although the claims or false statements were made to a party other than the Government, if the payment of the claim would ultimately result in a loss to the United States. S.Rep. No. 345, 99th Cong.2d Sess. 10, reprinted in 1986 U.S. CODE CONG. & ADMIN. NEWS 5266, 5275.

In U.S. v. Lagerbusch, 361 F.2d 449 (3rd Cir.1966), Lagerbusch made false representations to his employer, Hercules Powder Co., a private company which was a government contractor. The United States paid or reimbursed Hercules for all operating costs, including the fraudulent claims. The court ruled, "We have no doubt that the False Claims Act covers such an indirect mulcting of the government." Lagerbusch, 361 F.2d at 449.

In U.S. v. Douglas, 626 F.Supp. 621 (E.D. Va.1985), one of the defendants submitted a false report with regard to flying time of Navy pilots during the making of the film, "The Final Countdown." The court ruled, "Nor does it matter that the filmmakers did not directly deal with the government as far as the allegedly false report is concerned," Douglas, 626 F.Supp. at 626. The court cited Lagerbusch as authority.

In Murray & Sorenson, Inc. v. United States, 207 F.2d 119 (1st Cir.1953), a purchasing agent conspired with government contractors to submit false claims to the Navy. The False Claims Act was held to apply. "The fact that the claims in this case were not presented directly to the government, but were made to it indirectly through the contractors, does not prevent recovery under the False Claims statute." Murray & Sorenson, 207 F.2d at 123. See also Annotation, When is Claim "Upon or Against the United States" so as to Sustain Civil Liability Under False Claims Act, 59 A.L.R.Fed. 886 (1982).

Therefore, even though false claims in this case were presented to Teledyne, and not the government directly, a claim was submitted "upon or against the government" under the False Claims Act.

Statutory Forfeiture

"It is well settled that the Government can recover the forfeiture without proving any damages." United States v. Rapoport, 514 F.Supp. 519, 523 (S.D.N.Y. 1981). See United States v. Hughes, 585 F.2d 284 (7th Cir.1978); Fleming v. United States, 336 F.2d 475 (10th Cir.1964), cert. denied, 380 U.S. 907, 85 S.Ct. 889, 13 L.Ed.2d 795 (1965); Toepleman v. United States, 263 F.2d 697 (4th Cir.1959), cert. denied, 359 U.S. 989, 79 S.Ct. 1119, 3 L.Ed.2d 978 (1939).

In the district court trial of Hess, 41 F.Supp. 197 (W.D.Pa.1941), aff'd, 317 U.S. 537, 63 S.Ct. 379, 87 L.Ed. 443 (1943), the evidence showed that payments were withheld on the discovery of fraud. The court awarded the penalty even though no damages were sustained. The court ruled that the False Claims Act

... expressly provides for a penalty of $2,000, `and, in addition, double the amount of damages which the United States may have sustained.' This makes it plain that regardless of damages sustained, the United States would still be entitled to recover the penalty. This point refers to instances where the United States withheld payments on account of the discovery of fraud, so that no actual damage was shown. However, that would not preclude the United States from recovery of the penalty...."

Hess, 41 F.Supp. at 218.

In United States v. Killough, 848 F.2d 1523 (11th Cir.1988), the defendants were state officials in charge of a temporary housing program, which was created in the aftermath of Hurricane Frederic. The program was funded by the Federal Emergency Management Agency ("FEMA"). The defendants were guilty of soliciting kickbacks from contractors in exchange for awarding them contracts. To generate money for the kickbacks, the contractors inflated the invoices they submitted.

The court quoted the legislative history: "4. Even if no payment was made on a claim or the government cannot prove actual damages, a forfeiture shall be awarded on each false claim submitted." (Emphasis added). Killough, 848 F.2d at 1533, quoting S.Rep. No. 615, 96th Cong., 2d Sess. at 2n.

Under the False Claims Act, the United States may recover "from a person who presents a false claim or causes a false claim to be presented to it a forfeiture...." United States v. Lawson, 522 F.Supp. 746, 749 (D.N.J.1981).

In United States v. Dinerstein, 226 F.Supp. 368 (E.D.N.Y.1964), aff'd in part, rev'd in part, 362 F.2d 852 (2d Cir.1966),...