US v. Doody

• Decision Date: 02 April 2010
• Docket Number: No. 09-3078.,09-3078.
• Citation: 600 F.3d 752
• Parties: UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Alduff DOODY, Defendant-Appellant.
• Court: U.S. Court of Appeals — Seventh Circuit

600 F.3d 752

UNITED STATES of America, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. Alduff DOODY, Defendant-Appellant.

No. 09-3078.

United States Court of Appeals, Seventh Circuit.

Argued January 12, 2010.

Decided April 2, 2010.

Donald J. Schmid, Attorney (argued), Office of the United States Attorney, South Bend, IN, for Plaintiff-Appellee.

H. Jay Stevens, Attorney (argued), Indiana Federal Community Defenders, Inc., South Bend, IN, for Defendant-Appellant.

Before POSNER, FLAUM, and WILLIAMS, Circuit Judges.

FLAUM, Circuit Judge.

The defendant, Alduff Doody, was charged with possessing a firearm in furtherance of a drug trafficking crime, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 924(c). Unlike the defendants most commonly charged under § 924(c), Doody did not possess the firearm for protection. Instead, he accepted the gun as collateral to secure a drug debt. Thus, he argues, his conduct did not violate § 924(c). Because Doody took possession of a firearm in manner that facilitated a drug transaction, we affirm.

I. Background

On March 11, 2009, Doody was indicted by a grand jury on one count of possessing a firearm in furtherance of a drug trafficking crime in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 924(c) and one count of distributing cocaine in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 841(a)(1). Although he originally pleaded not guilty to both counts, on May 20, 2009, Doody agreed to plead guilty to Count 2 of the indictment, distributing a controlled substance. The parties also agreed that Count 1 would be submitted to the district court in a bench trial on stipulated facts. Doody waived his right to appeal, except for the right to appeal an adverse decision as to guilt or innocence as a result of the bench trial on Count 1. On May 27, 2009, the district court approved the plea agreement.

According to the stipulated facts, Doody distributed powder cocaine from about April 2008 through February 2009 in Marshall County, Indiana. He distributed a little over a kilogram of powder cocaine during that ten-month period. On August 5, 2008 and February 24, 2009, Doody distributed cocaine to two confidential informants working with the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms. In a separate transaction in the fall of 2008, Doody distributed one-sixteenth of an ounce of cocaine to Gil Rodriguez, who did not at that time have the money to pay for it. Rodriguez instead offered his nine-millimeter pistol as collateral to secure the drug debt. Doody took possession of the firearm and held it for four or five days until Rodriguez paid him $60 for the cocaine. Doody then returned the firearm to Rodriguez. When agents searched Doody's residence on February 24, 2009, they found nine-millimeter ammunition and a nine-millimeter magazine.

The district court conducted the bench trial on June 8, 2009. Based exclusively on the stipulated facts, the district court denied Doody's motion for an acquittal and found Doody guilty of Count 1 of the indictment. On August 20, 2009, the district court sentenced Doody to 60 months of imprisonment on Count 1 of the indictment and 51 months of imprisonment on Count 2 of the indictment, with the terms to run consecutively. Doody appeals his conviction on Count 1.

II. Analysis

We review a claim that a district court's verdict after a bench trial is unsupported by the evidence with the same deferential standard that applies to a jury verdict: we reverse only if, after viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the government, we determine that no rational trier of fact could have found the defendant guilty beyond a reasonable doubt. See United States v. Arthur, 582 F.3d 713, 716-17 (7th Cir.2009). We review de novo the trial court's ruling on a Rule 29 motion for a judgment of acquittal, asking whether evidence exists from which any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of a crime beyond a reasonable doubt. United States v. Hach, 162 F.3d 937, 942 (7th Cir.1998). Here, because the facts were stipulated before trial, these questions are the same, and turn on the legal question of whether a defendant who accepts a firearm as collateral to secure a drug debt can be said to possess that firearm "in furtherance" of a drug trafficking crime and thus be convicted under 18 U.S.C. § 924(c).

Section 924(c) provides for a mandatory minimum sentence of five years for any person "who, during and in relation to any... drug trafficking crime ... uses or carries a firearm, or who in furtherance of any such crime, possesses a firearm...." 18 U.S.C. § 924(c)(1)(A) (2010). The "uses" prong of § 924(c) has been the subject of a line of Supreme Court cases, culminating in a case addressing the receipt of a firearm in exchange for drugs. First, in Smith v. United States, 508 U.S. 223, 113 S.Ct. 2050, 124 L.Ed.2d 138 (1993), the Supreme Court held that a person who trades his firearm for drugs "uses" the firearm "during and in relation to ... a drug trafficking crime." Two years later, in Bailey v. United States, 516 U.S. 137, 116 S.Ct. 501, 133 L.Ed.2d 472 (1995), the Court suggested it would follow a more restrictive interpretation of "use," holding that a defendant who had a loaded firearm locked in a bag in the trunk of his car and a defendant who had an unloaded pistol locked in a trunk in her bedroom closet did not "use" the firearms during and in relation to their drug-dealing activities because they did not "actively employ" them. Id. at 147-51, 116 S.Ct. 501. Finally, in Watson v. United States, 552 U.S. 74, 128 S.Ct. 579, 169 L.Ed.2d 472 (2007), a unanimous Court held that a defendant who receives a gun as payment for drugs does not "use" a gun for the purposes of § 924(c). Id. at 83, 128 S.Ct. 579. By the time the Court decided Watson, Congress had responded to Bailey by amending § 924(c) to its present form, adding the prohibition on possessing a firearm in furtherance of a drug trafficking crime. Because the defendant in Watson was charged under only the "use" prong of § 924(c), the Court reserved the question of whether he could have been found guilty of possessing a gun "in furtherance of" his drug trafficking. Id.

Since Watson, six courts of appeals have considered whether a defendant who receives a firearm in exchange for drugs possesses that firearm in furtherance of a drug trafficking crime, and all six have decided or assumed without deciding that such a defendant does violate § 924(c). See United States v. Mahan, 586 F.3d 1185, 1188 (9th Cir.2009) ("a defendant who accepts firearms in exchange for drugs possesses the firearms `in furtherance of' a drug trafficking offense"); United States v. Sterling, 555 F.3d 452, 458 (5th Cir.2009) (assuming without deciding that bartering drugs for guns constitutes "possession in furtherance" of a drug trafficking offense); United States v. Dolliver, 228 Fed.Appx. 2, 3 (1st Cir.2007) (holding that trading drugs for a gun violates the "in furtherance of" prong of § 924(c)); United States v. Luke-Sanchez, 483 F.3d 703, 706 (10th Cir.2007) (same); United States v. Frederick, 406 F.3d 754, 764 (6th Cir.2005) (same).

We have not previously addressed this question, but we have considered the "in furtherance of" prong of § 924(c) in other situations. In United States v. Castillo, 406 F.3d 806 (7th Cir.2005), we considered what might be the archetypical possession of a gun in furtherance of drug trafficking: possessing a gun to protect the drugs and the dealer and to serve as a warning to those who might attempt to steal the drugs. Id. at 815. We interpreted the phrase "in furtherance of" to mean "furthering, advancing, or helping forward." Id. at 814. Castillo places the burden on the government to "present a viable theory as to how the gun furthered the drug distribution ... and it must present specific, non-theoretical evidence to tie that gun and the drug crime together under that theory." Id. at 815. Applying this standard, we concluded that the government had established that the defendant had possessed a gun for protection during a drug offense and thus violated § 924(c). Id. at 815-16.

In United States v. Vaughn, 585 F.3d 1024 (7th Cir.2009), we applied the standard articulated in Castillo to a more unusual scenario. In Vaughn, the defendant had previously acquired a rifle from a man named Gee, who often bought drugs from him. Gee later became a confidential informant and asked if he could buy back the rifle. Vaughn declined to sell him the rifle, but said he would give the rifle back to Gee if Gee sold six pounds of marijuana for him. Gee agreed, and Vaughn gave him the rifle after Gee paid him for the marijuana. Id. at 1027. We held that by offering the rifle as an incentive for selling marijuana, Vaughn possessed it in furtherance of a drug trafficking crime. Id. at 1029. We acknowledged that this was a "novel" use of § 924(c) but held that Vaughn's possession of the rifle "helped forward" the sale of six pounds of marijuana by acting as an incentive to sell the marijuana, speeding payment for the marijuana, and assuring the full payment of the marijuana's purchase price. Id. at 1029-30.

Castillo and Vaughn lead us to the same interpretation of § 924(c) as our sister circuits: when a defendant receives a gun for drugs, he takes possession of the firearm in a way that "furthers, advances, or helps forward" the distribution of drugs. Castillo, 406 F.3d at 814. As the Sixth Circuit...